Association between cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality disorder: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Abstract

Background: Studies to date showing an association between cannabis use and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are of relatively small sample sizes with limitations in generalizability. The present study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic-like symptoms in a large representative community sample.

Method: Data were derived from the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, Wave 2), a large, nationally representative sample of 34,653 adults from the United States population. We evaluated the association between lifetime cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality features.

Results: The prevalence of psychosis and schizotypal personality disorder increased significantly with greater cannabis use in a dose-dependent manner. The associations between cannabis use and psychosis were 1.27 (95% CI 1.03-1.57) for lifetime cannabis use, 1.79 (95% CI 1.35-2.38) for lifetime cannabis abuse, and 3.69 (95% CI 2.49-5.47) for lifetime cannabis dependence. There was a similar dose-response relationship between the extent of cannabis use and schizotypal personality disorder (OR=2.02 for lifetime cannabis use, 95% CI 1.69-2.42; OR=2.83 for lifetime cannabis abuse, 95% CI 2.33-2.43; OR=7.32 for lifetime cannabis dependence, 95% CI 5.51-9.72). Likelihood of individual schizotypal features increased significantly with increased extent of cannabis use in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion: This is the first population-based study to examine the association between lifetime cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality traits. These results add to evidence that cannabis use may be a risk factor for psychosis liability.

Keywords: Cannabis; Epidemiology; NESARC; Psychosis; Schizotypal.

Figure 1

Relationship between cannabis use, abuse, and dependence and three of nine features of schizotypal personality disorder in NESARC Wave 2 (n = 34,653). (a) Suspicious or paranoid ideation; (b) Inappropriate or constricted affect; (c) Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.