The multifaceted aspects of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a relevant extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that may occur either in early stages or as a complication of long-standing disease. RA related ILD (RA-ILD) significantly influences the quoad vitam prognosis of these patients. Several histopathological patterns of RA-ILD have been described: usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is the most frequent one, followed by nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP); other patterns are less commonly observed. Several factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing RA-ILD. The genetic background plays a fundamental but not sufficient role; smoking is an independent predictor of ILD, and a correlation with the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies has also been reported. Moreover, both exnovo occurrence and progression of ILD have been related to drug therapies that are commonly prescribed in RA, such as methotrexate, leflunomide, anti-TNF alpha agents, and rituximab. A greater understanding of the disease process is necessary in order to improve the therapeutic approach to ILD and RA itself and to reduce the burden of this severe extra-articular manifestation.

Figure 1

Possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the occurrence of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. ILD: interstitial lung disease, RF: rheumatoid factor, ACPA: anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF: platelet derived growth factor, PAD: peptidylarginine deiminase, and MTX: methotrexate, MMP: metalloproteinase.