The profile of bile acids and their sulfate metabolites in human urine and serum

Abstract

The role of sulfation in ameliorating the hepatotoxicity of bile acids (BAs) in humans remains unknown due to the lack of proper analytical methods to quantify individual BAs and their sulfate metabolites in biological tissues and fluids. To this end, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to characterize the detailed BA profile in human urine and serum. The limit of quantification was 1ng/mL and baseline separation of all analytes was achieved within in a run time of 32min. The method was validated over the dynamic range of 1-1000ng/mL. The LC-MS/MS method was more accurate, precise, and selective than the commercially available kits for the quantification of sulfated and unsulfated BAs, and the indirect quantification of individual sulfated BAs after solvolysis. The LC-MS/MS method was applied to characterize the BA profile in urine and serum of healthy subjects. Thirty three percent of serum BAs were sulfated, whereas 89% of urinary BAs existed in the sulfate form, indicating the role of sulfation in enhancing the urinary excretion of BAs. The percentage of sulfation of individual BAs increased with the decrease in the number of hydroxyl groups indicating the role of sulfation in the detoxification of the more hydrophobic and toxic BA species. Eighty percent of urinary BAs and 55% of serum BAs were present in the glycine-amidated form, whereas 8% of urinary BAs and 13% of serum BAs existed in the taurine-amidated form.

Keywords: ACN; Amidation; BAs; Bile acids; CA; CA-S; CDCA; CDCA-S; DCA; DCA-S; G-BAs; HCA; HDCA; Human; IS; LCA; LCA-S; LC–MS/MS; MCA; MDCA; MeOH; QC; Sulfation; T-BAs; UDCA; UDCA-S; UPLC; acetonitrile; bile acids; chenodeoxycholic acid; chenodeoxycholic acid-sulfate; cholic acid; cholic acid-sulfate; deoxycholic acid; deoxycholic acid-sulfate; glycine amidated bile acids; hyocholic acid; hyodeoxycholic acid; internal standard; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; lithocholic acid; lithocholic acid-sulfate; methanol; muricholic acid; murideoxycholic acid; quality control; taurine amidated bile acids; ultra-performance liquid chromatography; ursodeoxycholic acid; ursodeoxycholic acid-sulfate.