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. 2011 Nov 25;3(4):4191-211.
doi: 10.3390/cancers3044191.

Cancer genome sequencing and its implications for personalized cancer vaccines

Lijin Li  1 , Peter Goedegebuure, Elaine R Mardis, Matthew J C Ellis, Xiuli Zhang, John M Herndon, Timothy P Fleming, Beatriz M Carreno, Ted H Hansen, William E Gillanders
Affiliations

Cancer genome sequencing and its implications for personalized cancer vaccines

Lijin Li et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

New DNA sequencing platforms have revolutionized human genome sequencing. The dramatic advances in genome sequencing technologies predict that the $1,000 genome will become a reality within the next few years. Applied to cancer, the availability of cancer genome sequences permits real-time decision-making with the potential to affect diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, and has opened the door towards personalized medicine. A promising strategy is the identification of mutated tumor antigens, and the design of personalized cancer vaccines. Supporting this notion are preliminary analyses of the epitope landscape in breast cancer suggesting that individual tumors express significant numbers of novel antigens to the immune system that can be specifically targeted through cancer vaccines.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The plummeting cost of genome sequencing. The cost-accounting data, available at the website of National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) [12], are summarized relative to two metrics: (1) the cost of determining one megabase (106 bases) of DNA sequence of a specified quality [12], and (2) the cost of sequencing a human-sized genome (i.e., 3,000 Mb). Of note, the sudden and profound decrease beginning in January 2008 represents the time when the NHGRI sequencing centers transitioned from Sanger-based chemistry and capillary-based instruments to next-generation DNA sequencing technologies.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Human cancer genome timeline. Selected milestone events [13-16,18-23] are illustrated for human genome sequencing (blue boxes) and cancer genomics (pink boxes). Decade marks in red are not drawn to scale.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Template of a polyepitope DNA vaccine.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Schematic overview of the personalized cancer vaccines strategy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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