Use of NSAIDs in treating patients with arthritis

Abstract

Patients with rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, almost universally describe pain and stiffness as important contributors to reduced health-related quality of life. Of the treatment options available, NSAIDs are the most widely used agents for symptomatic treatment. NSAIDs are effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs by virtue of their ability to inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins at the level of the cyclooxygenase enzyme. However, many of the adverse effects of NSAIDs are also related to inhibition of prostaglandin production, making their use problematic in some patient populations. For the clinician, understanding the biology of prostaglandin as it relates to gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular physiology and the pharmacologic properties of specific NSAIDs is key to using these drugs safely. Of particular importance is the recognition of co-morbid conditions and concomitant drugs that may increase the risk of NSAIDs in particular patients. In patients with risk factors for NSAID toxicity, using the lowest dose of a drug with a short half-life only when it is needed is likely to be the safest treatment option. For those patients whose symptoms cannot be managed with intermittent treatment, using protective strategies is essential.

Figure 1

Prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway. Prostaglandins (PGs) are produced from cell membrane phospholipids from the precursor omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase enzymes are bifunctional enzymes that generate PGG₂ and then the unstable intermediate PGH₂. This intermediate is converted by tissue-specific synthases to PG that act on their respective receptors. cPGES, cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase; DP, prostaglandin E receptor; EP, prostaglandin E receptor; FP, prostaglandin F receptor; IP, prostaglandin I receptor; mPGES, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase; PGDS, prostaglandin D synthase; PGIS, prostaglandin I synthase; TP, thromboxane A receptor; TXS, thromboxane synthase; TXA2, thromboxane A₂.