Chemical inhibition of fire-prone grasses by fire-sensitive shrub,Conradina canescens

Abstract

In an investigation of potential chemical activity of fire-sensitive shrubs in Florida's sand pine scrub community, bioassays of foliar washes ofConradina canescens showed significant inhibitory activity on three native grasses that are known to fuel frequent surface fires; inhibition was concentrated seasonally in spring and summer. Application of runoff fromConradina leaves to one of the grasses caused a 50% reduction in growth over a 20-week period. Isolation of the biologically active fractions from the fresh leaves ofC. canescens yielded numerous monoterpenes, a number of which were identified from a GC-MS reference library and/or MS comparison to authentic compounds: 11 from the diethyl ether extract, 11 from steam distillation, and four from the foliar leaf wash. Numerous other monoterpenes present in the extractions were unknown. The terpenoid fraction completely inhibited seed germination of one of the native grasses and of lettuce. Saturated aqueous solutions of nine of the monoterpenes inhibited germination and radicle growth of two native grasses. SEM views of the leaf surfaces ofConradina reveal secretory trichomes that appear to be the source of the monoterpenes as well as the triterpene, ursolic acid. The biological activity ofC. canescens as a fire-sensitive component of the scrub community is reviewed in light of the chemical evidence.