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Review
. 2013 Sep 25:6:280.
doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-280.

Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in Thailand

Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap  1 , Michael J Bangs, Wannapa Suwonkerd, Monthathip Kongmee, Vincent Corbel, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan
Affiliations
Review

Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in Thailand

Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap et al. Parasit Vectors. .

Abstract

Physiological resistance and behavioral responses of mosquito vectors to insecticides are critical aspects of the chemical-based disease control equation. The complex interaction between lethal, sub-lethal and excitation/repellent ('excito-repellent') properties of chemicals is typically overlooked in vector management and control programs. The development of "physiological" resistance, metabolic and/or target site modifications, to insecticides has been well documented in many insect groups and disease vectors around the world. In Thailand, resistance in many mosquito populations has developed to all three classes of insecticidal active ingredients currently used for vector control with a majority being synthetic-derived pyrethroids. Evidence of low-grade insecticide resistance requires immediate countermeasures to mitigate further intensification and spread of the genetic mechanisms responsible for resistance. This can take the form of rotation of a different class of chemical, addition of a synergist, mixtures of chemicals or concurrent mosaic application of different classes of chemicals. From the gathered evidence, the distribution and degree of physiological resistance has been restricted in specific areas of Thailand in spite of long-term use of chemicals to control insect pests and disease vectors throughout the country. Most surprisingly, there have been no reported cases of pyrethroid resistance in anopheline populations in the country from 2000 to 2011. The precise reasons for this are unclear but we assume that behavioral avoidance to insecticides may play a significant role in reducing the selection pressure and thus occurrence and spread of insecticide resistance. The review herein provides information regarding the status of physiological resistance and behavioral avoidance of the primary mosquito vectors of human diseases to insecticides in Thailand from 2000 to 2011.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram of the organization of the Vector-Borne Disease Control Program, Thailand.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of the principle mosquito-borne diseases in Thailand (2012).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of Aedes aegypti with resistance to insecticides in Thailand (2000–2011).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of Aedes aegypti with resistance to incipient insecticides in Thailand (2000–2011).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Distribution of Aedes albopictus and Anopheles species with resistance to DDT and permethrin, and DDT, respectively, in Thailand (2000–2011).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus with resistance to insecticides in Thailand (2000–2011).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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