Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Dec 2;2013(12):CD001058.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001058.pub3.

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Sara Kenyon  1 , Michel Boulvain, James P Neilson
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Sara Kenyon et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Premature birth carries substantial neonatal morbidity and mortality. Subclinical infection is associated with preterm rupture of membranes (PROM). Prophylactic maternal antibiotic therapy might lessen infectious morbidity and delay labour, but could suppress labour without treating underlying infection.

Objectives: To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of administering antibiotics to women with PROM before 37 weeks, on maternal infectious morbidity, neonatal morbidity and mortality, and longer-term childhood development.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 September 2013).

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing antibiotic administration with placebo that reported clinically relevant outcomes were included as were trials of different antibiotics. Trials in which no placebo was used were included for the outcome of perinatal death alone.

Data collection and analysis: We extracted data from each report without blinding of either the results or the treatments that women received. We sought unpublished data from a number of authors.

Main results: We included 22 trials, involving 6872 women and babies.The use of antibiotics following PROM is associated with statistically significant reductions in chorioamnionitis (average risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.96, and a reduction in the numbers of babies born within 48 hours (average RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.87) and seven days of randomisation (average RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.89). The following markers of neonatal morbidity were reduced: neonatal infection (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.85), use of surfactant (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.96), oxygen therapy (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96), and abnormal cerebral ultrasound scan prior to discharge from hospital (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.98). Co-amoxiclav was associated with an increased risk of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis (RR 4.72, 95% CI 1.57 to 14.23).One study evaluated the children's health at seven years of age (ORACLE Children Study) and found antibiotics seemed to have little effect on the health of children.

Authors' conclusions: Routine prescription of antibiotics for women with preterm rupture of the membranes is associated with prolongation of pregnancy and improvements in a number of short-term neonatal morbidities, but no significant reduction in perinatal mortality. Despite lack of evidence of longer-term benefit in childhood, the advantages on short-term morbidities are such that we would recommend antibiotics are routinely prescribed. The antibiotic of choice is not clear but co-amoxiclav should be avoided in women due to increased risk of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Sara Kenyon was the Co‐ordinator of the ORACLE Trial and led the ORACLE Children Study, both of which are included in this review.

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal death.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 6 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 8 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 9 Major adverse drug reaction.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 10 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 12 Caesarean section.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 15 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 16 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 17 Birthweight.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 18 Birthweight < 2500 g.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 19 Neonatal intensive care.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 20 Days in neonatal intensive care unit.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 21 Positive neonatal blood culture.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 22 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 23 Treatment with surfactant.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 24 Number of babies requiring ventilation.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 25 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 26 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 27 Neonatal encephalopathy.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 3 Major adverse drug reaction.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 11 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 12 Birthweight.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 13 Birthweight < 2500 g.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 17 Positive neonatal blood culture.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 20 Treatment with surfactant.
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 21 Number of babies requiring ventilation.
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 22 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 23 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 24 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 26 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antibiotics versus no antibiotic, Outcome 1 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 5 Chorioamnionitis.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.
5.18
5.18. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
5.19
5.19. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
5.26
5.26. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 26 Neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage.
5.27
5.27. Analysis
Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Amon 1988a {published data only}
    1. Amon E, Lewis S, Sibai BM, Moretti M. Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective randomized study. Proceedings of 8th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1988 Feb 3‐6; Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. 1988:51. - PubMed
    1. Amon E, Lewis SV, Sibai BM, Villar MA, Arheart KL. Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective randomized study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;159:539‐43. - PubMed
Camli 1997 {published data only}
    1. Camli L, Mavunagacioglu S, Bostanci A, Camli S, Soylu F. Antibiotherapy in preterm premature rupture of membrane. Does it affect the latent period and infectious morbidity?. Jinekoloji Ve Obstetrik Dergisi 1997;11:138‐42.
Christmas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Christmas JT, Cox SM, Andrew W, Dax J, Leveno KJ, Gilstrap LC. Expectant management of preterm ruptured membranes: effects of antimicrobial therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1992;80:759‐62. - PubMed
    1. Christmas JT, Cox SM, Gilstrap LC, Leveno KJ, Andrews W, Dax J. Expectant management of preterm ruptured membranes: effects of antimicrobial therapy on interval to delivery. Proceedings of 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 Jan 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:19.
Cox 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cox SM, Leveno KJ, Sherman ML, Travis L, Plama R. Ruptured membranes at 24 to 29 weeks: a randomized double blind trial of antimicrobials versus placebo. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;172:412.
Ernest 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ernest JM, Givner LB. A prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of penicillin in preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170(2):516‐21. - PubMed
Fuhr 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fuhr NA, Becker C, Baalen A, Bauer K, Hopp H. Antibiotic therapy for preterm premature rupture of membranes ‐ results of a multicenter study. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2006;34(3):203‐6. - PubMed
Garcia‐Burguillo 1995 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Burguillo A, Hernandez‐Garcia JM, Fuente P. Erythromycin prophylaxis in preterm pregnancies with rupture of amniotic membranes [Profilaxis con eritromicina en gestaciones pretermino con rotura prematura de las membranas amnioticas]. Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia 1995;23(3):96‐100.
Grable 1996 {published data only}
    1. Grable IA, Garcia PM, Perry D, Socol ML. Group B streptococcus and preterm premature rupture of membranes: a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial of antepartum ampicillin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;175:1036‐42. - PubMed
Johnston 1990 {published data only}
    1. Johnston MM, Sanchez‐Ramos L, Vaughan AJ, Todd MW, Benrubi GI. Antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: a randomized, prospective, double‐blind trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1990;163(3):743‐7. - PubMed
    1. Sanchez‐Ramos L, Johnston M, Vaughn A, Benrubi GI, Todd M. High dose antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a double blind, randomized, prospective study. Proceedings of 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 Jan 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:18.
Kenyon 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gilbert RE, Pike K, Kenyon SL, Tarnow‐Mordi W, Taylor DJ. The effect of prepartum antibiotics on the type of neonatal bacteraemia: insights from the MRC ORACLE trials. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112(6):830‐2. - PubMed
    1. Jones DR, Pike K, Kenyon S, Pike L, Henderson B, Brocklehurst P, et al. Routine educational outcome measures in health studies: Key Stage 1 in the ORACLE Children Study follow‐up of randomised trial cohorts. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011;96(1):25‐9. - PubMed
    1. Kenyon S, Brocklehurst P, Jones D, Marlow N, Salt A, Taylor D. MRC ORACLE children study. Long term outcomes following prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with either spontaneous preterm labour or preterm rupture of the membranes. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth 2008;8:14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with preterm rupture of the membranes: 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE I trial. Lancet 2008;372(9646):1310‐8. - PubMed
    1. Kenyon S, Taylor DJ, Tarnow‐Mordi W. ORACLE‐antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes: short and long term outcomes. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 2002;91(437):12‐5. - PubMed
Kurki 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kurki T, Hallman M, Zilliacus R, Teramo K, Ylikorkala O. Premature rupture of the membranes; effect of penicillin prophylaxis and long‐term outcome of the children. American Journal of Perinatology 1992;9:11‐6. - PubMed
Lewis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lewis DF, Adair CD, Robichaux AG, Jaekle RK, Moore JA, Evans AT, et al. Antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: are seven days necessary? A preliminary randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;188(6):1413‐6. - PubMed
Lockwood 1993a {published data only}
    1. Lockwood CJ, Costigan K, Ghidini A, Wein R, Cetrulo C, Alvarez M, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of piperacillin sodium in preterm membrane rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168(1 Pt 2):378. - PubMed
    1. Lockwood CJ, Costigan K, Ghidini A, Wein R, Chien D, Brown BL, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of piperacillin prophylaxis in preterm membrane rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169:970‐6. - PubMed
Magwali 1999 {published data only}
    1. Magwali TL, Cipato T, Majoko F, Rusakaniko S, Mujaji C. Prophylactic augmentin in prelabour preterm rupture of the membranes. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1999;65:261‐5. - PubMed
McGregor 1991 {published data only}
    1. McGregor JA, French JI. Double‐blind, randomized, placebo controlled, prospective evaluation of the efficacy of short course erythromycin in prolonging gestation among women with preterm rupture of membranes. Proceedings of 9th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1989 Feb 1‐4; New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. 1989.
    1. McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K. Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of erythromycin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;165:632‐40. - PubMed
Mercer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mercer BM, Moretti ML, Prevost RR, Sibai BM. Erythromycin therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective, randomized trial of 220 patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166:794‐802. - PubMed
Mercer 1997 {published data only}
    1. Beazley D. Impact of amnionitis and antepartum antibiotic treatment on neonatal outcome after PPROM. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178(1 Pt 2):S15.
    1. Hauth JC. The NICHD‐MFMU antibiotic treatment of PROM study: correlation with acute placental inflammation and prenatal morbidity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S53.
    1. Hnat MD, Mercer BM, Thurnau G, Goldenberg R, Thom EA, Meis PJ, et al. Perinatal outcomes in women with preterm rupture of membranes between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation and a history of vaginal bleeding. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193:164‐8. - PubMed
    1. Mercer B. The NICHD‐MFMU antibiotic treatment of PPROM study: evaluation of factors associated with successful outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S8.
    1. Mercer B, Miodovnik M, Thurnau G, Goldenberg R, Das A, Merenstein G, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of antibiotic therapy versus placebo therapy after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174(1 Pt 2):304.
Morales 1989 {published data only}
    1. Morales WJ, Angel JL, Knuppel RA. Comparison of various parameters as predictors of chorioamnionitis in preterm patients with premature rupture of membranes. Southern Medical Journal 1988;81:40.
    1. Morales WJ, Angel JL, O'Brien WF, Knuppel RA. Use of ampicillin and corticosteroids in premature rupture of membranes: a randomized study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989;73(5):721‐6. - PubMed
Ovalle‐Salas 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ovalle A, Martinez M, Gomez R, Valderrama O, Lira P, Rubio R, et al. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: a prospective randomized placebo controlled trial of antibiotic treatment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174(1 Pt 2):401.
    1. Ovalle A, Martinez M, Kakarieka E, Rubio R, Valderrama O, Villablanca E, et al. Antibiotic administration in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes reduces the rate of histological chorioamnionitis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;180(1 Pt 2):S83.
    1. Ovalle‐Salas A, Gomez R, Martinez MA, Rubio R, Fuentes A, Valderrama O, et al. Antibiotic therapy in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes: a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study with microbiological assessment of the amniotic cavity and lower genital tract. Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine 1997;2:213‐22.
Owen 1993a {published data only}
    1. Owen J, Groome LJ, Hauth JC. Randomised trial of prophylactic therapy after preterm amnion rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169(4):976‐81. - PubMed
    1. Owen J, Groome LJ, Hauth JC. Randomized trial of prophylactic antibiotic therapy after preterm amnion rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168(1 Pt 2):379. - PubMed
Segel 2003 {published data only}
    1. Segel S, Miles A, Clothier B, Parry S, Macones G. Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy after PPROM. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(6 Pt 2):S72. - PubMed
    1. Segel SY, Miles AM, Clothier B, Parry S, Macones GA. Duration of antibiotic therapy after preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189:799‐802. - PubMed
Svare 1997a {published data only}
    1. Svare J. Preterm delivery and subclinical uro‐genital infection [thesis]. Denmark: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1997.
    1. Svare J, Langhoff‐Roos J, Andersen LF, Baggesen NK, Christensen HB, Heisterberg L, et al. Antibiotic treatment in preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of the membranes ‐ a randomized controlled double‐blind trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1996;75(Suppl 162):36.
    1. Svare J, Langhoff‐Roos J, Andersen LF, Kryger‐Baggesen N, Borch‐Christensen H, Heisterberg L, et al. Ampicillin‐metronidazole treatment in threatening preterm delivery. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76(167:1):86.

References to studies excluded from this review

Almeida 1996 {published data only}
    1. Almeida L, Schmauch A, Bergstrom S. A randomised study on the impact of peroral amoxicillin in women with prelabour rupture of membranes preterm. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1996;41:82‐4. - PubMed
Bergstrom 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bergstrom S. A prospective study on the perinatal outcome in Mozambican pregnant women with preterm rupture of membranes using two different methods of clinical management. Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation 1991;32:217‐9. - PubMed
Blanco 1993 {published data only}
    1. Blanco J, Iams J, Artal R, Baker J, Hibbard J, McGregor J, et al. Multicenter double‐blind prospective random trial of ceftizoxime vs placebo in women with preterm premature ruptured membranes (pPROM). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168:378.
Cardamakis 1990 {published data only}
    1. Cardamakis E, Minaretzis D, Papageorgiou J, Karaiskakis P, Kioses E, Michalas S. Premature rupture of the membranes. II. Chemioprophylaxis. Proceedings of 12th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1990 Sept 11‐14; Lyon, France. 1990:45.
Carroll 2000 {published data only}
    1. Carroll E, Heywood P, Besinger R, Muraskas J, Fisher S, Gianopoulos JG. A prospective randomized double blind trial of ampicillin with and without sulbactam in preterm premature rupture of the membranes [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S61.
Debodinance 1990 {published data only}
    1. Debodinance P, Parmentier D, Devulder G, Closset P, Querleu D, Crepin G. Can one reduce the risk of neonatal infection after premature rupture of membranes? [Peut‐on reduire le risque infectieux neonatal dans les ruptures prematurees des membranes?]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 1990;19:533‐7. - PubMed
Dunlop 1986 {published data only}
    1. Dunlop PDM, Crowley PA, Lamont RF, Hawkins DF. Preterm ruptured membranes, no contractions. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1986;7:92‐6.
Fortunato 1990 {published data only}
    1. Fortunato SJ, Welt SI, Eggleston M, Cole J, Bryant EC, Dodson MG. Prolongation of the latency period in preterm premature rupture of the membranes using prophylactic antibiotics and tocolysis. Journal of Perinatology 1990;3:252‐6. - PubMed
Gordon 1974 {published data only}
    1. Gordon M, Weingold AB. Treatment of patients with premature rupture of the fetal membranes: (a) prior to 32 weeks; (b) after 32 weeks. Premature rupture of the membranes ‐ a rational approach to management. In: Reid DE, Christian CD editor(s). Controversy in Obstetrics & Gynecology II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1974:42‐4.
Haas 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haas D. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: erythromycin versus azithromycin a randomized trial comparing their efficacy to prolong latency (PEACE trial). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01556334 (accessed 25 June 2012) 2010.
Halis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Halis, Ragosch, Hundertmark, Weitzel, Hopp. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes ‐ a randomized controlled trial. 11th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2001 April 1‐4; Istanbul, Turkey. 2001.
Hernandez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hernandez y Ballinas A, Lopez Faran JA, Gamez Guevara C. [Comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes in the conservative treatment preterm premature membrane rupture between the use of erythromycin and clindamycin]. [Spanish]. Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 2011;79(7):403‐10. - PubMed
Julien 2002 {published data only}
    1. Julien S, Khandelwal M, Olasewere T. Randomised trial comparing long term versus short term antibiotic prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(6 Pt 2):S66.
Kim 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kim YH, Song TB, Kim CH, Kim JW, Cho MY, Yang SY, et al. Changes of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls formation by antibiotic therapy in the maternal venous plasma of preterm premature rupture of membranes. 55th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Investigation; 2008 March 26‐29; San Diego, USA 2008:Abstract no: 398.
Kwak 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kwak HM, Shin MY, Cha HH, Choi SJ, Lee JH, Kim JS, et al. The efficacy of cefazolin plus macrolide (erythromycin or clarithromycin) versus cefazolin alone in neonatal morbidity and placental inflammation for women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Placenta 2013;34(4):346‐52. - PubMed
Lebherz 1963 {published data only}
    1. Lebherz TB, Hellman LP, Madding R, Anctil A, Arje SL. Double‐blind study of premature rupture of the membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1963;87(2):218‐25. - PubMed
Lewis 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lewis DF, Fontenot MT, Brooks GG, Wise R, Perkins MB, Heymann AR. Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: a comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;86(3):392‐5. - PubMed
Lewis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lewis DF, Brody K, Edwards MS, Brouillette RM, Burlison S, London S. Preterm premature ruptured membranes: a randomized trial of steroids after treatment with antibiotics. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;88(5):801‐5. - PubMed
Lovett 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lovett S, Weiss J, Diogo M, Williams P, Garite T. A prospective randomized clinical trial of antibiotic therapy for preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174:306. - PubMed
    1. Lovett SM, Weiss JD, Diogo MJ, Williams PT, Garite TJ. A prospective, double‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of ampicillin‐sulbactam for preterm premature rupture of membranes in women receiving antenatal corticosteroid therapy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(5):1030‐8. - PubMed
Matsuda 1993a {published data only}
    1. Matsuda Y, Ikenoue T, Ibara S, Sameshima H, Kuraya K, Hokanishi H. The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic and tocolytic therapy for premature rupture of the membranes. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Japonica 1993;45(10):1109‐14. - PubMed
Matsuda 1993b {published data only}
    1. Matsuda Y, Ikenoue T, Hokanishi H. Premature rupture of the membranes ‐ aggressive versus conservative approach: effect of tocolytic and antibiotic therapy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1993;36:102‐7. - PubMed
Mbu 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mbu RE, Tchio R, Leke RG, Tamba NE, Njoh N. Premature rupture of membranes: maternal and fetal outcome in the absence of antibiotic prophylaxis [Rupture prematuree des membranes: devenir maternal et foetal en l'absence de la prophylaxie antibiotique]. African Journal of Reproductive Health 1998;2:26‐31. - PubMed
McCaul 1992 {published data only}
    1. McCaul JF, Perry KG, Moore JL, Martin RW, Bucovaz ET, Morrison JC. Adjunctive antibiotic treatment of women with preterm rupture of membranes or preterm labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1992;38:19‐24. - PubMed
Norri 1991 {published data only}
    1. Norri L, Yla‐Outinen A, Tuimala R. Prophylactic antibiotics in premature rupture of membranes. Proceedings of 13th World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO);1991 September; Singapore. 1991:80.
Ogasawara 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ogasawara KK, Goodwin TM. The efficacy of treating ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174(1 Pt 2):401.
Ogasawara 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ogasawara KK, Goodwin TM. The efficacy of prophylactic erythromycin in preventing vertical transmission of ureaplasma urealyticum. American Journal of Perinatology 1997;14(4):233‐7. - PubMed
Ogasawara 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ogasawara KK, Goodwin TM. Efficacy of azithromycin in reducing lower genital ureaplasma urealyticum colonization in women at risk for preterm delivery. Journal of Maternal Fetal Medicine 1999;8:12‐6. - PubMed
Ovalle 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ovalle A, Martinez MA, Kakarieka E, Gomez R, Rubio R, Valderrama O, et al. Antibiotic administration in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes reduces the rate of histological chorioamnionitis: a prospective, randomised, controlled study. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2002;12:35‐41. - PubMed
Spitzer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Spitzer D, Zajc M, Gregg A, Steiner H, Staudach A. Antepartum antibiotic therapy and subsequent neonatal morbidity in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes. International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Chemotherapy 1993;6(1):35‐8.

Additional references

Alderson 2004
    1. Alderson P, Green S, Higgins JPT, editors. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.2 [updated March 2004]. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amon 1988b
    1. Amon E, Lewis S, Sibai BM, Moretti M. Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective randomized study. Proceedings of 8th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1988 Feb 3‐6; Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. 1988:51. - PubMed
Beazley 1998
    1. Beazley D. Impact of amnionitis and antepartum antibiotic treatment on neonatal outcome after PPROM. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178(1 Pt 2):S15.
Bejar 1981
    1. Bejar R, Curbelo V, Davi SC, Gluck L. Premature labour bacterial sources of phospholipase. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1981;57:479. - PubMed
Christmas 1990
    1. Christmas JT, Cox SM, Gilstrap LC, Leveno KJ, Andrews W, Dax J. Expectant management of preterm ruptured membranes: effects of antimicrobial therapy on interval to delivery. Proceedings of 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 Jan 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:19.
Costeloe 2012
    1. Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES. Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICURE studies). BMJ 2012;345:e7976. - PMC - PubMed
Dale 1989
    1. Dale PO, Tanbo T, Bendvold E, Moe N. Duration of the latency period in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Maternal and neonatal consequences of expectant management. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 1989;30:257‐62. - PubMed
Dammann 1997
    1. Dammann O, Leviton A. Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines, and brain damage in the preterm newborn. Pediatric Research 1997;42(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Dammann 2005
    1. Dammann O, Leviton A, Gappa M, Dammann CE. Lung and brain damage in preterm newborns, and their association with gestational age, prematurity subgroup, infection/inflammation and long term outcome. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112(Suppl 1):4‐9. - PubMed
Elbourne 2002
    1. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtin F, Vaillancourt JM. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:140‐9. - PubMed
Gilbert 2005
    1. Gilbert RE, Pike K, Kenyon SL, Tarnow‐Mordi W, Taylor DJ. The effect of prepartum antibiotics on the type of neonatal bacteraemia: insights from the MRC ORACLE trials. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112(6):830‐2. - PubMed
Goldenberg 2008
    1. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371(9606):75‐84. [PUBMED: 18177778] - PMC - PubMed
Hauth 1997
    1. Hauth JC. The NICHD‐MFMU antibiotic treatment of PROM study: correlation with acute placental inflammation and prenatal morbidity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S53.
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hnat 2005
    1. Hnat MD, Mercer BM, Thurnau G, Goldenberg R, Thom EA, Meis PJ, et al. Perinatal outcomes in women with preterm rupture of membranes between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation and a history of vaginal bleeding. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193:164‐8. - PubMed
Hoy 2001
    1. Hoy CM. The role of infection in necrotising enterocolitis. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 2001;12:121‐9.
Kenyon 2008a
    1. Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with preterm rupture of the membranes: 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE I trial. Lancet 2008;372(9646):1310‐8. - PubMed
Kenyon 2008b
    1. Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet 2008;372(9646):1319‐27. - PubMed
Kenyon 2008c
    1. Kenyon S, Brocklehurst P, Jones D, Marlow N, Salt A, Taylor D. MRC ORACLE children study. Long term outcomes following prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with either spontaneous preterm labour or preterm rupture of the membranes. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth 2008;8:14. - PMC - PubMed
King 2002
    1. King J, Flenady V. Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000246] - DOI - PubMed
Kotecha 1996
    1. Kotecha S. Cytokines in chronic lung disease of prematurity. European Journal of Pediatrics 1996;155 Suppl 2:S14‐S17. [PUBMED: 8839740] - PubMed
Lockwood 1993b
    1. Lockwood CJ, Costigan K, Ghidini A, Wein R, Cetrulo C, Alvarez M, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of piperacillin sodium in preterm membrane rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168(1 Pt 2):378. - PubMed
Marlow 2005
    1. Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell MA, Samara M. Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352(1):9‐19. [PUBMED: 15635108] - PubMed
McGregor 1997
    1. McGregor J, French J. Evidence‐based prevention of preterm birth and rupture of membranes: infection and inflammation. Journal of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada 1997;19:835‐51.
Morales 1988
    1. Morales WJ, Angel JL, Knuppel RA. Comparison of various parameters as predictors of chorioamnionitis in preterm patients with premature rupture of membranes. Southern Medical Journal 1988;81:40.
Owen 1993b
    1. Owen J, Groome LJ, Hauth JC. Randomized trial of prophylactic antibiotic therapy after preterm amnion rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168(1 Pt 2):379. - PubMed
RevMan 2011 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Romero 2007
    1. Romero R, Gotsch F, Pineles B, Kusanovic JP. Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury. Nutrition Reviews 2007;65:S194‐202. - PubMed
Saigal 2008
    1. Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 2008;371(9608):261‐9. [PUBMED: 18207020] - PubMed
Sanchez‐Ramos 1990
    1. Sanchez‐Ramos L, Johnston M, Vaughn A, Benrubi GI, Todd M. High dose antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a double blind, randomized, prospective study. Proceedings of 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 Jan 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:18.
Speer 2003
    1. Speer CP. Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Seminars in Neonatology 2003;8 No. 1:29‐38. - PubMed
Svare 1997b
    1. Svare J, Langhoff‐Roos J, Andersen LF, Kryger‐Baggesen N, Borch‐Christensen H, Heisterberg L, et al. Ampicillin‐metronidazole treatment in threatening preterm delivery. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76(167:1):86.
Taylor 2001
    1. Taylor HG, Klein N, Minich NM, Hack M. Long‐term family outcomes for children with very low birth weights. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2001;155(2):155‐61. [PUBMED: 11177090] - PubMed
Thurnau 1997
    1. Thurnau G. The NICHD‐MFMU antibiotic treatment of PROM study: impact of initial amniotic fluid volume on pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S53. - PubMed
Wu 2002
    1. Wu YW. Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 2002;8(1):25‐9. - PubMed
Yoon 2000
    1. Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, Kim M, Oh SY, Kin CJ, et al. The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;183(5):1124‐9. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Crowley 1995
    1. Crowley P. Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes. [revised 05 May 1994]. In: Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, Renfrew MJ, Neilson JP, Crowther C (eds.) Pregnancy and Childbirth Module. In: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database [database on disk and CDROM]. The Cochrane Collaboration; Issue 2, Oxford: Update Software; 1995.
Kenyon 2001
    1. Kenyon S, Boulvain M. Antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 3. - PubMed
Kenyon 2003
    1. Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001058] - DOI - PubMed
Kenyon 2004
    1. Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson J. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of the membranes: a systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2004;104(5 Pt 1):1051‐7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001058] - DOI - PubMed
Kenyon 2010
    1. Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001058.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources