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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2014 Jan-Feb;39(1):31-6.
doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000039.

The effect of nitrous oxide anesthesia on early postoperative opioid consumption and pain

Andreas Duma  1 , Daniel Helsten, Frank Brown, Michael M Bottros, Peter Nagele
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

The effect of nitrous oxide anesthesia on early postoperative opioid consumption and pain

Andreas Duma et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Jan-Feb.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Many patients experience moderate to severe postoperative pain. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) exerts analgesia by inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Ketamine, another N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, reduces postoperative opioid consumption and pain. A similar effect of N₂O is plausible, yet understudied. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of N₂O anesthesia on early postsurgical opioid consumption and pain.

Methods: This was a retrospective, secondary analysis of the Vitamins In Nitrous Oxide trial, where 500 patients undergoing general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery received 60% N₂O and 125 received no N₂O (otherwise, inclusion/exclusion criteria were identical). Exclusion criteria for this study were regional anesthesia, not extubated after surgery, transfer to intensive care unit, no available postanesthesia care unit record, postsurgical sedation, or treated with naloxone. Primary outcomes were cumulative opioid consumption measured in morphine equivalents and pain scores during the immediate recovery phase.

Results: Four hundred forty-two patients met inclusion criteria. No difference in intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption was observed between patients who received N₂O (n = 353) and patients who did not (n = 89). The median [interquartile range] postoperative morphine equivalent dose was 6.7 mg [1.7-14.1 mg] for patients who received N₂O and 6.7 mg [2.1-15.4 mg] for patients who did not (P = 0.73). The maximum pain score was 6 [4-8] for patients who received N₂O versus 6 [3-8] for patients who received N₂O-free anesthesia (P = 0.52). The prevalence of moderate to severe pain was 69% for patients who received N₂O and 68% for patients who did not (P = 0.90).

Conclusions: Nitrous oxide anesthesia was not associated with decreased opioid administration, pain, or incidence of moderate to severe pain in the early postoperative phase.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

For the remaining authors, no potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding are declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study flow chart
Figure 2
Figure 2. Opioid consumption during surgery
Opioid consumption during surgery was not significantly different in patients with N2O (white boxplot) compared with patients without N2O (shaded boxplot) anesthesia(P = 0.09).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Opioid consumption during PACU stay
Opioid consumption during PACU stay was not significantly different in patients with N2O (white boxplot) compared to patients without N2O (shaded boxplot) anesthesia(P=0.73).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

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