Brominated flame retardants in breast milk and behavioural and cognitive development at 36 months

Abstract

Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent flame retardants found in the environment, in household dust, and in humans. Breast feeding is a prominent route of exposure in infancy. PBDEs adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. Here, we estimate associations between PBDEs in breast milk and behaviour and cognitive skills in children at 36 months of age.

Methods: We prospectively studied 304 mothers and their children. We measured PBDEs in breast milk collected at 3 months postpartum. At 36 months, we measured child behaviour with the parent-rated Behavioral Assessment System for Children 2 (n = 192), and cognitive skills with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (n = 184). We analysed data with robust regression.

Results: We detected BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -153 in >70% of milk samples. For each congener, the highest quartile of breast milk PBDE concentration, vs. the lowest, was associated with more anxious behaviour, after confounder adjustment. Select congeners were associated with increased withdrawal (BDE-28) and improved activity of daily living skills (BDE-153). Cognitive skills tended to be positively associated with PBDEs, especially language and fine motor skills. However, most estimates were imprecise.

Conclusions: Here, lactational PBDE exposure was modestly and imprecisely associated with anxiety and withdrawal, but was also associated with improved adaptive and cognitive skills. Positive factors associated with breast feeding may have mitigated some of the hypothesised adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with PBDEs. Further research is needed to inform our understanding of PBDE neurotoxicity and how sources of exposure might confound neurodevelopmental studies.

Keywords: PBDEs; environment; environmental pollutant; epidemiology; flame retardants; halogenated diphenyl ethers; human; milk; neurobehavioural manifestations.

Figure 1

Mean difference estimates by quartile of PBDE congener (1^st quartile, referent) for the BASC-2, adjusted for sex, parity, maternal education, maternal race, breastfeeding duration, income, maternal age, fatty acids (quartiles), and fatty acid analysis batch.

Figure 2

Mean difference estimates by quartile of PBDE congener (1^st quartile, referent) for the MSEL, adjusted for sex, parity, maternal education, maternal race, breastfeeding duration, income, maternal age, fatty acids (quartiles), and fatty acid analysis batch.