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. 2013 Dec 7:13:1143.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1143.

A longitudinal study of quality of life of earthquake survivors in L'Aquila, Italy

Marco Valenti  1 , Francesco Masedu, Monica Mazza, Sergio Tiberti, Chiara Di Giovanni, Anna Calvarese, Roberta Pirro, Vittorio Sconci
Affiliations

A longitudinal study of quality of life of earthquake survivors in L'Aquila, Italy

Marco Valenti et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: People's well-being after loss resulting from an earthquake is a concern in countries prone to natural disasters. Most studies on post-earthquake subjective quality of life (QOL) have focused on the effects of psychological impairment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the psychological dimension of QOL. However, there is a need for studies focusing on QOL in populations not affected by PTSD or psychological impairment. The aim of this study was to estimate QOL changes over an 18-month period in an adult population sample after the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake.

Methods: The study was designed as a longitudinal survey with four repeated measurements performed at six monthly intervals. The setting was the general population of an urban environment after a disruptive earthquake. Participants included 397 healthy adult subjects. Exclusion criteria were comorbidities such as physical, psychological, psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases at the beginning of the study. The primary outcome measure was QOL, as assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF instrument. A generalised estimating equation model was run for each WHOQOL-BREF domain.

Results: Overall, QOL scores were observed to be significantly higher 18 months after the earthquake in all WHOQOL-BREF domains. The model detected an average increase in the physical QOL scores (from 66.6 ± 5.2 to 69.3 ± 4.7), indicating a better overall physical QOL for men. Psychological domain scores (from 64.9 ± 5.1 to 71.5 ± 6.5) were observed to be worse in men than in women. Levels at the WHOQOL domain for psychological health increased from the second assessment onwards in women, indicating higher resiliency. Men averaged higher scores than women in terms of social relationships and the environmental domain. Regarding the physical, psychological and social domains of QOL, scores in the elderly group (age > 60) were observed to be similar to each other regardless of the significant covariates used.

Conclusions: WHOQOL-BREF scores of the psychological domain displayed trends conditioned by age and education: older subjects experienced less satisfaction with psychological health on average. Less-educated subjects always demonstrated the worst QOL scores. Gender, age and education impacted the variability of QOL in the environmental dimension in the elderly.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
WHOQOL-BREF Physical activity scores mean trends. (A) Age < 40 (B) Age 40-60 (C) Age≥60.
Figure 2
Figure 2
WHOQOL-BREF Psychological activity scores mean trends. (A) Age < 40 (B) Age 40-60 (C) Age≥60.
Figure 3
Figure 3
WHOQOL-BREF Social relationships scores mean trends. (A) Age < 40 (B) Age 40-60 (C) Age≥60.
Figure 4
Figure 4
WHOQOL-BREF Environmental scores mean trends. (A) Age < 40 (B) Age 40-60 (C) Age≥60.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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