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Review
. 2013 Dec 2;10(12):6534-610.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph10126534.

West Nile virus state of the art report of MALWEST Project

Andriani Marka  1 , Alexandros Diamantidis, Anna Papa, George Valiakos, Serafeim C Chaintoutis, Dimitrios Doukas, Persefoni Tserkezou, Alexios Giannakopoulos, Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos, Eleni Patsoula, Evangelos Badieritakis, Agoritsa Baka, Maria Tseroni, Danai Pervanidou, Nikos T Papadopoulos, George Koliopoulos, Dimitrios Tontis, Chrysostomos I Dovas, Charalambos Billinis, Athanassios Tsakris, Jenny Kremastinou, Christos Hadjichristodoulou; Malwest Project; Nikolaos Vakalis, Evdokia Vassalou, Spyridoula Zarzani, Athanassios Zounos, Katerina Komata, Georgios Balatsos, Stavroula Beleri, Anastasia Mpimpa, Vasilios Papavasilopoulos, Ioannis Rodis, Grigorios Spanakos, Nikolaos Tegos, Vasiliki Spyrou, Zisis Dalabiras, Periklis Birtsas, Labrini Athanasiou, Maria Papanastassopoulou, Charalambos Ioannou, Christos Athanasiou, Christos Gerofotis, Elpida Papadopoulou, Theodolinta Testa, Ourania Tsakalidou, George Rachiotis, Nikolaos Bitsolas, Zissis Mamouris, Katerina Moutou, Theologia Sarafidou, Konstantinos Stamatis, Konstantina Sarri, Sotirios Tsiodras, Theano Georgakopoulou, Marios Detsis, Maria Mavrouli, Anastasia Stavropoulou, Lida Politi, Georgia Mageira, Varvara Christopoulou, Georgia Diamantopoulou, Nikolaos Spanakis, Georgia Vrioni, Evangelia-Theofano Piperaki, Kornilia Mitsopoulou, Ilias Kioulos, Antonios Michaelakis, Ioannis Stathis, Ioannis Tselentis, Anna Psaroulaki, Maria Keramarou, Dimosthenis Chochlakis, Yeorgios Photis, Maria Konstantinou, Panagiotis Manetos, Stylianos Tsobanoglou, Spyros Mourelatos, Vasilis Antalis, Panagiotis Pergantas, Georgios Eleftheriou
Affiliations
Review

West Nile virus state of the art report of MALWEST Project

Andriani Marka et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

During the last three years Greece is experiencing the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics. Within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (MALWEST project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. One out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the State of the Art report for WNV. Three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. Medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) were searched together with websites: e.g., WHO, CDC, ECDC. In total, 1,092 relevant articles were initially identified and 258 of them were finally included as references regarding the current knowledge about WNV, along with 36 additional sources (conference papers, reports, book chapters). The review is divided in three sections according to the fields of interest: (1) WNV in humans (epidemiology, molecular characteristics, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, surveillance); (2) WNV in animals (epidemiological and transmission characteristics concerning birds, horses, reptiles and other animal species) and (3) WNV in mosquitoes (control, surveillance). Finally, some examples of integrated surveillance programmes are presented. The introduction and establishment of the disease in Greece and other European countries further emphasizes the need for thorough research and broadening of our knowledge on this viral pathogen.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree (1,000 replicate trees, 10,278 positions in the final dataset) showing the clustering of the WNV strain Nea Santa-Greece-2010 into the WNV lineage 2. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5 [41].
Figure 2
Figure 2
The most significant WNV human outbreaks worldwide, 1950–2010.
Figure 3
Figure 3
WNV human cases in EU and neighboring countries, 2010 (Source: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/).
Figure 4
Figure 4
WNV human cases in EU and neighboring countries, 2011 (Source: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/).
Figure 5
Figure 5
WNV human cases in EU and neighboring countries, 2012 (Source: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/).
Figure 6
Figure 6
WNV human cases in Greece, 2010.
Figure 7
Figure 7
WNV human cases in Greece, 2011.
Figure 8
Figure 8
WNV human cases in Greece, 2012.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Surveillance system results fluctuation in California, 2003–2010 (data available on: http://www.westnile.ca.gov/ [64]).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Weekly surveillance data from California, 2011 (data available on: http://www.westnile.ca.gov/ [64]).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Surveillance system results fluctuation in Canada, 2006–2011 (data available on: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/index-eng.php [65]).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Weekly surveillance data from Canada, 2011.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Surveillance data in Emilia- Romagna, 27th–40th week, 2009
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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