The metabolic signature associated with the Western dietary pattern: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Metabolic profiles have been shown to be associated to obesity status and insulin sensitivity. Dietary intakes influence metabolic pathways and therefore, different dietary patterns may relate to modifications in metabolic signatures. The objective was to verify associations between dietary patterns and metabolic profiles composed of amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs).

Methods: 210 participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area between September 2009 and December 2011. Dietary patterns had been previously derived using principal component analysis (PCA). The Prudent dietary pattern was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products, non-hydrogenated fat and lower intakes of refined grain products, whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Targeted metabolites were quantified in 37 participants with the Biocrates Absolute IDQ p150 (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Austria) mass spectrometry method (including 14 amino acids and 41 acylcarnitines).

Results: PCA analysis with metabolites including AAs and ACs revealed two main components explaining the most variance in overall data (13.8%). PC1 was composed mostly of medium- to long-chain ACs (C16:2, C14:2, C14:2-OH, C16, C14:1-OH, C14:1, C10:2, C5-DC/C6-OH, C12, C18:2, C10, C4:1-DC/C6, C8:1 and C2) whereas PC2 included certain AAs and short-chain ACs (xLeu, Met, Arg, Phe, Pro, Orn, His, C0, C3, C4 and C5). The Western dietary pattern correlated negatively with PC1 and positively with PC2 (r = -0.34, p = 0.05 and r = 0.38, p = 0.03, respectively), independently of age, sex and BMI.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Western dietary pattern is associated with a specific metabolite signature characterized by increased levels of AAs including branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) and short-chain ACs.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01343342.

Figure 1

ACs and AAs associated with PC1 and PC2. Metabolites with absolute factor loadings ≥ 0.50 were regarded as significant contributors to the PC. The blue line and squares represent PC1 and the red line and squares represent PC2.

Figure 2

PC2 scores according to tertiles of saturated fat intake. PC2 scores and tertile of saturated fat intake (means ± SE). Means with different letters are significantly different. Means of saturated fat intake according to tertiles: tertile 1 (4.72-10.13%, n = 12), tertile 2 (10.29-11.30%, n = 13) and tertile 3 (11.51-14.72%, n = 12). Tertile 1 versus tertile 3: p = 0.005. Tertile 1 versus tertile 2: p = 0.40. Tertile 2 versus tertile 3: p = 0.05.