Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2013 Sep 21:6:274.
doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-274.

Status of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from the south and north Benin, West Africa

Nazaire Aïzoun, Rock Aïkpon, Virgile Gnanguenon, Olivier Oussou, Fiacre Agossa, Gil Padonou, Martin Akogbéto

Status of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from the south and north Benin, West Africa

Nazaire Aïzoun et al. Parasit Vectors. .

Abstract

Background: With the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance in the main malaria vectors from Benin and the various resistance mechanisms involved (metabolic resistance and knock-down resistance (kdr), it is important to foresee effective resistance management strategies. Thus, the knowledge of the insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1R) effects on phenotypes of An. gambiae will help us to strengthen basic and operational research on the development of strategies that will use organophosphates or carbamates as alternatives against pyrethroids-resistant malaria vectors in the field.

Methods: Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Ouemé , Atacora, and Alibori departments. CDC susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC bioassays were performed with stock solutions of fenitrothion (50 μg per bottle) and bendiocarb (12.5 μg per bottle). PCR techniques were used to detect species and Ace-1 mutations.

Results: Anopheles gambiae Seme and Kandi populations were susceptible to fenitrothion whereas Anopheles gambiae Tanguieta and Malanville populations were resistant. An. gambiae populations from Seme, Kandi and Malanville were fully susceptible to bendiocarb whereas those from Tanguieta have developed a strong resistance to the same insecticide. A slight decrease in mortality rate was observed with 97.91% in populations of mosquitoes from Malanville. PCR revealed that all specimens tested were Anopheles gambiae s.s..

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the need to monitor organophosphate (OPs) and Carbamates resistance among populations of the An. gambiae s.l. in Benin, to determine its spread and anticipate vector control failure where these insecticides are used. However, further studies are needed to understand the current distribution of the Ace-1R mutation in other localities in the south-north transect Benin.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of the study area.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Zaim M, Aitio A, Nakashima N. Safety of pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:1–5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00211.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Awolola TS, Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M. Absence of the kdr mutation in the molecular ‘M’ form suggests different pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8(5):420–422. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01034.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Diabate A, Baldet T, Chandre F, Guiguemde RT, Brengues C, Guillet P, Hemingway J, Hougard J-M. First report of the kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae M form from Burkina Faso, west Africa. Parassitologia. 2002;44(3–4):157–158. - PubMed
    1. Chandre F, Darriet F, Manga L, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Mouchet J, Guillet P. Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(3):230–234. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yawson AE, McCall PJ, Wilson MD, Donnelly MJ. Species abundance and insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in selected areas of Ghana and Burkina Faso. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18(4):372–377. doi: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00519.x. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources