Hydrogen sulfide delays GA-triggered programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers by the modulation of glutathione homeostasis and heme oxygenase-1 expression

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered as a cellular signaling intermediate in higher plants, but corresponding molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in plant biology are still limited. In the present study, a combination of pharmacological and biochemical approaches was used to study the effect of H2S on the alleviation of GA-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat aleurone cells. The results showed that in contrast with the responses of ABA, GA brought about a gradual decrease of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) activity and H2S production, and thereafter PCD occurred. Exogenous H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) not only effectively blocked the decrease of endogenous H2S release, but also alleviated GA-triggered PCD in wheat aleurone cells. These responses were sensitive to hypotaurine (HT), a H2S scavenger, suggesting that this effect of NaHS was in an H2S-dependent fashion. Further experiment confirmed that H2S, rather than other sodium- or sulphur-containing compounds derived from the decomposing of NaHS, was attributed to the rescuing response. Importantly, the reversing effect was associated with glutathione (GSH) because the NaHS triggered increases of endogenous GSH content and the ratio of GSH/oxidized GSH (GSSG) in GA-treated layers, and the NaHS-mediated alleviation of PCD was markedly eliminated by l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO, a selective inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis). The inducible effect of NaHS was also ascribed to the modulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), because the specific inhibitor of HO-1 zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) significantly suppressed the NaHS-related responses. By contrast, the above inhibitory effects were reversed partially when carbon monoxide (CO) aqueous solution or bilirubin (BR), two of the by-products of HO-1, was added, respectively. NaHS-triggered HO-1 gene expression in GA-treated layers was also confirmed. Together, the above results clearly suggested that the H2S-delayed PCD in GA-treated wheat aleurone cells was associated with the modulation of GSH homeostasis and HO-1 gene expression.

Keywords: ABA; APX; BR; BSO; BV; CAT; CO; CSE; FDA; FM 4-64; GA; GSH; GSSG; Glutathione; H(2)O(2); H(2)S; HCOOH; HO; HO-1; HSP; HT; Heme oxygenase-1; Hydrogen sulfide; LCD; N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-[4-(diethylamino) phenyl] hexatrienyl) pyridinium dibromide; NO; NaHS; PCD; Programmed cell death; ROS; Wheat aleurone layers; ZnPP; abscisic acid; ascorbate peroxidase; bilirubin; biliverdin IX; carbon monoxide; catalase; cystathionine γ-lyase; fluorescein diacetate; formic acid; gibberellic acid; glutathione; heat shock protein; heme oxygenase; heme oxygenase-1; hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen sulfide; hypotaurine; l-buthionine-sulfoximine; l-cysteine desulfhydrase; nitric oxide; oxidized glutathione; programmed cell death; reactive oxygen species; sodium hydrosulfide; zinc protoporphyrin IX.