Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors

Abstract

Progesterone plays a key role in the development, differentiation and maintenance of female reproductive tissues and has multiple non-reproductive neural functions. Depending on the cell and tissue, the hormonal environment, growth conditions and the developmental stage, progesterone can either stimulate cell growth or inhibit it while promoting differentiation. Progesterone receptors (PRs) belong to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. PR proteins are subject to extensive post-translational modifications that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. The interplay among these modifications is complex with alteration of the receptors by one factor influencing the impact of another. Control over these modifications is species-, tissue- and cell-specific. They in turn regulate multiple functions including PR stability, their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and transcriptional activity. These complexities may explain how tissue- and gene-specific differences in regulation are achieved in the same organism, by the same receptor protein and hormone. Here we review current knowledge of PR post-translational modifications and discuss how these may influence receptor function focusing on human breast cancer cells. There is much left to be learned. However, our understanding of this may help to identify therapeutic agents that target PR activity in tissue-specific, even gene-specific ways.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Phosphorylation; Post-translational modification; Progesterone receptor; SUMOylation; Transcriptional activity.

Figure 1

Post-translational modification of progesterone receptors. Schematic of PR-A and PR-B showing the location of basal and hormone dependent (*) serine (S) phosphorylation sites; the Lys (K)388 SUMO conjugation site within an IKEE motif; and an acetylation consensus KxKK site (amino acids 638-641). Site(s) for ubiquitination remain unclear. BUS, B-upstream segment; DBD, DNA binding domain; LBD, ligand binding domain. Also shown are putative functions of some sites.