Repair of acute extensor hallucis longus tendon injuries: a retrospective review

Abstract

Background: Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon injuries may occur with lacerations sustained over the dorsum of the foot and lead to hallux dysfunction. Primary repair is performed when tendon edges are opposable; however, if a gap exists between tendon edges, then reconstruction with tendon graft or tendon transfer may be necessary to restore hallux alignment and dorsiflexion. We describe the surgical technique and report the results on a large series of patients having undergone primary repair or reconstruction of EHL tendon lacerations.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing EHL tendon repair or reconstruction between January 2005 and May 2012. Information on patient demographics, mechanism of injury, time to surgery, intraoperative findings, surgical repair or reconstruction technique, and postoperative function were collected. Patients were contacted by telephone for administration of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux questionnaires.

Results: Twenty of 23 patients undergoing EHL tendon repair or reconstruction were available for review at an average clinical follow-up of 12 months (range 3-89 months) and an average telephone follow-up of 5.1 years (range 1-10.4 years). Primary EHL repair was performed in 80% of cases, with the remaining patients undergoing reconstruction with deep tendon transfer of the extensor digitorum longus tendon from the second toe. At final follow-up, 19 of 20 patients had active hallux dorsiflexion. The average FAAM Activities of Daily Living score was 94.2% (range 58.3% to 100%) and the average FAAM Sports score was 94.2% (range 65.6% to 100%).

Conclusion: Primary repair or reconstruction of EHL tendon lacerations is a reliable procedure that restores hallux alignment and function in most patients as measured by the validated FAAM questionnaire. Deep tendon transfer from the extensor digitorum longus may be performed if EHL tendon edges are not opposable thus eliminating the need for allograft reconstruction.

Keywords: extensor hallucis longus tendon; lacerations; soft tissue repair; trauma.