Grape seed extract attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a recognized factor in nephrotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (As). Grape seed extract (GSE) possesses antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of GSE against arsenic-induced renal injury. Healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to As in drinking water (30 ppm) with or without GSE (100 mg/kg) for 12 months. The serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and mRNA expression levels of fibrogenic markers in the renal tissues were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The protein expression levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) subunits, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) were assessed using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that cotreatment with GSE significantly improved renal function, as demonstrated by the reductions in relative kidney weight (% of body weight) and blood urea nitrogen, and the increase in the creatinine clearance capacity. GSE attenuated the As-induced changes in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and the mRNA levels of TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibronectin (FN) in renal tissue. Furthermore, administration of GSE markedly reduced As-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Nox activity, as well as the protein expression levels of the NADPH subunits (Nox2, p47phox and Nox4). In addition, GSE cotreatment was correlated with a significant reduction in TGF-β/Smad signaling, as demonstrated by the decreased protein levels of TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 in renal tissue. This study indicated that GSE may be a useful agent for the prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to As. GSE may exert its effects through the suppression of Nox and inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling activation.

Keywords: NADPH oxidase; TGF-β/Smad; chronic arsenic exposure; grape seed extract; nephrotoxicity; oxidative stress.

Figure 1

Effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the arsenic (As)-induced intrahepatic mRNA levels of profibrogenic genes [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibronectin (FN)] were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in rat livers. The mRNA levels of the control rats were arbitrarily set to 1 and all other values were calculated as multiples thereof. The transcript levels were corrected for β-actin levels. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n=10). ^** P<0.01 compared with control rats; ^## P<0.01 compared with As-treated rats.

Figure 2

Grape seed extract (GSE) inhibits arsenic (As)-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox). (A) Nox activity in isolated plasma membrane fractions of fresh kidney tissue homogenates was measured using chemiluminescence. Data are presented as the fold change relative to the control taken as 1.0. ^** P<0.01 compared with control rats; ^## P<0.01 compared with As-treated rats. (B) Renal tissue was homogenized and total proteins extracted, as detailed in Materials and methods. The protein levels of NADPH subunits (Nox2, p47phox and Nox4) were analyzed using western blotting. (C) Western blotting signals were quantified using densitometry and expressed in barograms as the mean ± standard deviation (n=10). Data normalized to the internal standard, β-actin, are presented as the fold change relative to the control taken as 1.0. ^** P<0.01 compared with control rats; ^## P<0.01 compared with As-treated rats.

Figure 3

Grape seed extract (GSE) decreases arsenic (As)-induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling. Protein levels of TGF-β1 and phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) in renal tissues were evaluated using western blot analysis. (A) A total of 60 μg kidney tissue lysates were used in each SDS-PAGE lane. (B) Western blotting signals were quantified using densitometry and expressed in barograms as the mean ± standard deviation (n=10). Data normalized to the internal standard, β-actin, are presented as the fold change relative to control taken as 1.0. ^** P<0.01 compared with the control rats; ^## P<0.01 compared with As-treated rats.