Is asymmetric dimethylarginine associated with being born small and large for gestational age?

Abstract

Low and high birth weights have been linked to increased susceptibility to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations. However, the natural history of cardiometabolic disturbances in children born small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age is still unclear and no reliable biomarker of cardiovascular risk has definitively been identified in these subjects. Interestingly, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), antagonist of nitric oxide (NO) production, has been recognized as novel cardiovascular marker able to identify subjects at higher risk of health disturbances. Despite the well-described role of ADMA as a predictor of degenerative disease in adults, its potential application in pediatrics, and specifically in SGA and LGA children, has not been explored as only few data in preterm infants and SGA newborns are available. Therefore, we investigated potential alterations in circulating ADMA and NO levels in SGA and LGA children compared with those born appropriate (AGA) for gestational age. Of note, ADMA was significantly higher in SGA and LGA children than AGA peers. Intriguingly, SGA and LGA categories as well as insulin resistance were independently related to ADMA. Our observations lead to the intriguing hypothesis that ADMA could be involved in the development of cardiometabolic alterations in SGA and LGA children already during the prepubertal age.

FIG. 1.

ADMA concentrations of the study populations. p<0.001, by one-way analysis of variance. Significant values by post hoc analysis. Values are expressed as mean±standard error of mean. ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age.

FIG. 2.

NO concentrations of the study populations. p=0.003, by one-way analysis of variance. Significant values by post hoc analysis. Values are expressed as mean±standard error of mean. NO, nitric oxide.