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Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Dec 28;2013(12):CD006577.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub3.

Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients

Joke Bradt  1 , Cheryl Dileo, Noah Potvin
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients

Joke Bradt et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) often suffer from severe distress due to diagnosis, hospitalization, surgical procedures, uncertainty of outcome, fear of dying, doubts about progress in recovery, helplessness and loss of control. Such adverse effects put the cardiac patient at greater risk for complications, including sudden cardiac death. It is therefore of crucial importance that the care of people with CHD focuses on psychological as well as physiological needs.Music interventions have been used to reduce anxiety and distress and improve physiological functioning in medical patients; however its efficacy for people with CHD needs to be evaluated.

Objectives: To update the previously published review that examined the effects of music interventions with standard care versus standard care alone on psychological and physiological responses in persons with CHD.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 10), MEDLINE (OvidSP, 1950 to October week 4 2012), EMBASE (OvidSP, 1974 to October week 5 2012), CINAHL (EBSCOhost, 1982 to 9 November 2012), PsycINFO (OvidSP, 1806 to October week 5 2012), LILACS (Virtual Health Library, 1982 to 15 November 2012), Social Science Citation Index (ISI, 1974 to 9 November 2012), a number of other databases, and clinical trial registers. We also conducted handsearching of journals and reference lists. We applied no language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included all randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for persons with confirmed CHD.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality, seeking additional information from the trial researchers when necessary. We present results using weighted mean differences for outcomes measured by the same scale, and standardized mean differences for outcomes measured by different scales. We used post-intervention scores. In cases of significant baseline difference, we used change scores (changes from baseline).

Main results: We identified four new trials for this update. In total, the evidence for this review rests on 26 trials (1369 participants). Listening to music was the main intervention used, and 23 of the studies did not include a trained music therapist.Results indicate that music interventions have a small beneficial effect on psychological distress in people with CHD and this effect is consistent across studies (MD = -1.26, 95% CI -2.30 to -0.22, P = 0.02, I² = 0%). Listening to music has a moderate effect on anxiety in people with CHD; however results were inconsistent across studies (SMD = -0.70, 95% CI -1.17 to -0.22, P = 0.004, I² = 77%). Studies that used music interventions in people with myocardial infarction found more consistent anxiety-reducing effects of music, with an average anxiety reduction of 5.87 units on a 20 to 80 point score range (95% CI -7.99 to -3.75, P < 0.00001, I² = 53%). Furthermore, studies that used patient-selected music resulted in greater anxiety-reducing effects that were consistent across studies (SMD = -0.89, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.36, P = 0.001, I² = 48%). Findings indicate that listening to music reduces heart rate (MD = -3.40, 95% CI -6.12 to -0.69, P = 0.01), respiratory rate (MD = -2.50, 95% CI -3.61 to -1.39, P < 0.00001) and systolic blood pressure (MD = -5.52 mmHg, 95% CI - 7.43 to -3.60, P < 0.00001). Studies that included two or more music sessions led to a small and consistent pain-reducing effect (SMD = -0.27, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.00, P = 0.05). The results also suggest that listening to music may improve patients' quality of sleep following a cardiac procedure or surgery (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.79, P = 0.04).We found no strong evidence for heart rate variability and depression. Only one study considered hormone levels and quality of life as an outcome variable. A small number of studies pointed to a possible beneficial effect of music on opioid intake after cardiac procedures or surgery, but more research is needed to strengthen this evidence.

Authors' conclusions: This systematic review indicates that listening to music may have a beneficial effect on anxiety in persons with CHD, especially those with a myocardial infarction. Anxiety-reducing effects appear to be greatest when people are given a choice of which music to listen to.Furthermore, listening to music may have a beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, quality of sleep and pain in persons with CHD. However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear. Since many of the studies are at high risk of bias, these findings need to be interpreted with caution. More research is needed into the effects of music interventions offered by a trained music therapist.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

All three authors are trained music therapists.

Figures

1
1
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 music versus standard care, outcome: 1.2 Anxiety (all measures) ‐ patient type.
2
2
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 music versus standard care, outcome: 1.11 Heart rate‐patient type.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 music versus standard care, outcome: 1.15 Systolic blood pressure.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
5
5
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 1: Psychological distress
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 2: Anxiety (all measures) ‐ patient type
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 3: Anxiety (all measures) ‐ music preference
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 4: State anxiety (STAI) ‐ patient type
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 5: State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ music preference
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 6: State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ music preference MI only
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 7: Anxiety (non‐STAI)‐patient type
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 8: Anxiety (non‐STAI) ‐ music preference
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 9: Depression
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 10: Mood
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 11: Heart rate‐patient type
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 12: Heart rate ‐ music preference
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 13: Heart rate variability
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 14: Respiratory rate ‐ music preference
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 15: Systolic blood pressure
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 16: Diastolic blood pressure
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 17: Mean A rterial Pressure
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 18: Oxygen Saturation
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 19: Pain
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 20: Length of hospital stay
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 21: Opioid intake
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music versus standard care, Outcome 22: Quality of sleep
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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