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. 2013 Nov;47(6):559-64.
doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.121577.

Accuracy and safety of free-hand pedicle screw fixation in age less than 10 years

Hyoung Yeon Seo  1 , Ji Hyeon Yim  2 , Jung Pil Heo  2 , Abhishek S Patil  3 , Seung Min Na  1 , Sung Kyu Kim  1 , Jae Yoon Chung  1
Affiliations

Accuracy and safety of free-hand pedicle screw fixation in age less than 10 years

Hyoung Yeon Seo et al. Indian J Orthop. 2013 Nov.

Abstract

Background: Pedicle screws are being used commonly in the treatment of various spinal disorders. However, use of pedicle screws in the pediatric population is not routinely recommended because of the risk of complications. The present study was to evaluate the safety of pedicle screws placed in children aged less than 10 years with spinal deformities and to determine the accuracy and complication (early and late) of pedicle screw placement using the postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.

Materials and methods: Thirty one patients (11 males and 20 females) who underwent 261 pedicle screw fixations (177 in thoracic vertebrae and 84 in lumbar vertebrae) for a variety of pediatric spinal deformities at a single institution were included in the study. The average age of patients was 7 years and 10 months. These patients underwent postoperative CT scan which was assessed by two independent observers (spine surgeons) not involved in the treatment.

Results: Breach rate was 5.4% (14/261 screws) for all pedicles. Of the 177 screws placed in the thoracic spine, 13 (7.3%) had breached the pedicle, that is 92.7% of the screws were accurately placed within pedicles. Seven screws (4%) had breached the medial pedicle wall, 4 screws (2.3%) had breached the lateral pedicle wall and 2 screws (1.1%) had breached the superior or inferior pedicle wall respectively. Of the 84 screws placed in the lumbar spine, 83 (98.8%) screws were accurately placed within the pedicle. Only 1 screw (1.2%) was found to be laterally displaced. In addition, the breach rate was found to be 4.2% (11/261 screws) with respect to the vertebral bodies. No neurological, vascular or visceral complications were encountered.

Conclusions: The accuracy of pedicle screw placement in pedicles and vertebral bodies were 94.6% and 95.8% respectively and there was no complication related to screw placement noted until the last followup. These results suggest that free-hand pedicle screw fixation can be safely used in patients younger than 10 years to treat a variety of spinal disorders.

Keywords: Computed tomography; pediatric spine; pedicle screws.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A 9-year-old girl with juvenile scoliosis (double thoracic curve). (a) Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph shows 60° main thoracic curve and 45° proximal thoracic curve. (b) Preoperative lateral radiograph. (c) Anteroposterior radiograph taken 1 month later surgery. The main thoracic curve was corrected to 17° and the proximal thoracic curve was corrected to 25°. (d) Lateral radiograph taken 1 month later surgery. (e and f) Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs taken 2 years later surgery. Coronal and sagittal alignments were well maintained during the followup
Figure 2
Figure 2
Optimal pedicle screw position at the T7 pedicle in a 3-year-old female
Figure 3
Figure 3
Medial breach at the T6 pedicle in an 8-year-old female
Figure 4
Figure 4
Inferior breach (arrowed) at the T8 pedicle in a 6-year-old female
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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