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Comment
. 2014 Jan 14;111(2):E213-4.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321197111. Epub 2014 Jan 7.

Reconciling pre-Columbian settlement hypotheses requires integrative, multidisciplinary, and model-bound approaches

Maria Cátira Bortolini  1 , Rolando González-José, Sandro L Bonatto, Fabricio R Santos
Affiliations
Comment

Reconciling pre-Columbian settlement hypotheses requires integrative, multidisciplinary, and model-bound approaches

Maria Cátira Bortolini et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
A phylogeny of Native American Y-chromosome haplogroups, the main craniometric axes of variation in Asia–America, and a schematic scenario based on several lines of evidence. The only truly autochthonous Y lineage thus far identified is Q1a3a1a (or Q-M3) and its derivatives, which are found in all Native American groups. C3* is found in both North and South America, and C3b (or C-P39) is only found in northern North America. Although Q-M3 and Q1a3a1* (or Q-L54*) chromosomes are likely to represent descendants of the first settlers of the Americas, other lineages, such as Q1a5, Q1a6, and C3 (C3* + C3b) are most likely signals of Holocene circumarctic gene flow, although Q1b1 could be also parsimoniously explained as a relict lineage coming together with the first major Pleistocene arrival. This interpretation is in close agreement with craniometrical evidence presented in our model (3), which explains the large heterogeneity observed in ancient and modern Native American crania (including an array of ancestral and semiderived traits), and the evolution and dispersal across the Arctic of a set of highly derived traits (specially, extreme facial flatness) in the Holocene.
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