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. 2014 Jan 6;14(1):795-833.
doi: 10.3390/s140100795.

Underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks: advances and future trends in physical, MAC and routing layers

Salvador Climent  1 , Antonio Sanchez  2 , Juan Vicente Capella  3 , Nirvana Meratnia  4 , Juan Jose Serrano  5
Affiliations

Underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks: advances and future trends in physical, MAC and routing layers

Salvador Climent et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on underwater wireless sensor networks, focusing on the lower layers of the communication stack, and envisions future trends and challenges. It analyzes the current state-of-the-art on the physical, medium access control and routing layers. It summarizes their security threads and surveys the currently proposed studies. Current envisioned niches for further advances in underwater networks research range from efficient, low-power algorithms and modulations to intelligent, energy-aware routing and medium access control protocols.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Narrow-band signal-to-noise ratio (SNR; 1/(AN)) as a function of frequency for varying transmission distance. Environmental factors used: practical spreading, k = 1.5; wind speed, w = 3 m/s; and moderate shipping activity, s = 0.5.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Temperature, salinity data and their impact on the sound speed profile. Data retrieved from the Papa station placed in the Pacific ocean (39°N, 146°W) in August, 1959.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Acoustic Ray Tracing for Sound Speed Profiles with Positive and Negative Gradients. (a) Positive Gradient Sound Speed Profile. (b) Negative Gradient Sound Speed Profile.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Contention-free communication can be accomplished by assigning time, frequency or unique codes.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Classification of medium access control (MAC) protocols.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Classification of routing protocols.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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