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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Jan 8;2014(1):CD000031.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000031.pub4.

Antidepressants for smoking cessation

John R Hughes  1 , Lindsay F Stead, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Kate Cahill, Tim Lancaster
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antidepressants for smoking cessation

John R Hughes et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: There are at least three reasons to believe antidepressants might help in smoking cessation. Firstly, nicotine withdrawal may produce depressive symptoms or precipitate a major depressive episode and antidepressants may relieve these. Secondly, nicotine may have antidepressant effects that maintain smoking, and antidepressants may substitute for this effect. Finally, some antidepressants may have a specific effect on neural pathways (e.g. inhibiting monoamine oxidase) or receptors (e.g. blockade of nicotinic-cholinergic receptors) underlying nicotine addiction.

Objectives: The aim of this review is to assess the effect and safety of antidepressant medications to aid long-term smoking cessation. The medications include bupropion; doxepin; fluoxetine; imipramine; lazabemide; moclobemide; nortriptyline; paroxetine; S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe); selegiline; sertraline; St. John's wort; tryptophan; venlafaxine; and zimeledine.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register which includes reports of trials indexed in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, and other reviews and meeting abstracts, in July 2013.

Selection criteria: We considered randomized trials comparing antidepressant medications to placebo or an alternative pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. We also included trials comparing different doses, using pharmacotherapy to prevent relapse or re-initiate smoking cessation or to help smokers reduce cigarette consumption. We excluded trials with less than six months follow-up.

Data collection and analysis: We extracted data and assessed risk of bias using standard methodological procedures expected by the Cochrane Collaboration.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline, expressed as a risk ratio (RR). We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence available in each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed-effect model.

Main results: Twenty-four new trials were identified since the 2009 update, bringing the total number of included trials to 90. There were 65 trials of bupropion and ten trials of nortriptyline, with the majority at low or unclear risk of bias. There was high quality evidence that, when used as the sole pharmacotherapy, bupropion significantly increased long-term cessation (44 trials, N = 13,728, risk ratio [RR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49 to 1.76). There was moderate quality evidence, limited by a relatively small number of trials and participants, that nortriptyline also significantly increased long-term cessation when used as the sole pharmacotherapy (six trials, N = 975, RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.78). There is insufficient evidence that adding bupropion (12 trials, N = 3487, RR 1.9, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.51) or nortriptyline (4 trials, N = 1644, RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.55) to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) provides an additional long-term benefit. Based on a limited amount of data from direct comparisons, bupropion and nortriptyline appear to be equally effective and of similar efficacy to NRT (bupropion versus nortriptyline 3 trials, N = 417, RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.82; bupropion versus NRT 8 trials, N = 4096, RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.09; no direct comparisons between nortriptyline and NRT). Pooled results from four trials comparing bupropion to varenicline showed significantly lower quitting with bupropion than with varenicline (N = 1810, RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.83). Meta-analyses did not detect a significant increase in the rate of serious adverse events amongst participants taking bupropion, though the confidence interval only narrowly missed statistical significance (33 trials, N = 9631, RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.69). There is a risk of about 1 in 1000 of seizures associated with bupropion use. Bupropion has been associated with suicide risk, but whether this is causal is unclear. Nortriptyline has the potential for serious side-effects, but none have been seen in the few small trials for smoking cessation.There was no evidence of a significant effect for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on their own (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.22, N = 1594; 2 trials fluoxetine, 1 paroxetine, 1 sertraline) or as an adjunct to NRT (3 trials of fluoxetine, N = 466, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.82). Significant effects were also not detected for monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.79, N = 827; 1 trial moclobemide, 5 selegiline), the atypical antidepressant venlafaxine (1 trial, N = 147, RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.32), the herbal therapy St John's wort (hypericum) (2 trials, N = 261, RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.26 to 2.53), or the dietary supplement SAMe (1 trial, N = 120, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.07).

Authors' conclusions: The antidepressants bupropion and nortriptyline aid long-term smoking cessation. Adverse events with either medication appear to rarely be serious or lead to stopping medication. Evidence suggests that the mode of action of bupropion and nortriptyline is independent of their antidepressant effect and that they are of similar efficacy to nicotine replacement. Evidence also suggests that bupropion is less effective than varenicline, but further research is needed to confirm this finding. Evidence suggests that neither selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. fluoxetine) nor monoamine oxidase inhibitors aid cessation.

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Conflict of interest statement

JR Hughes has received consultancy fees from many pharmaceutical companies that provide tobacco related services or products or are developing new products, including Pfizer (the maker of NRTs and varenicline) and GlaxoSmithKline (the makers of bupropion and NRTs).

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, outcome: 1.1 Bupropion versus placebo/control. Subgroups by length of follow‐up.
3
3
Nortriptyline versus placebo, long‐term abstinence
4
4
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 Bupropion versus placebo/control. Subgroups by length of follow‐up.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 2 Bupropion versus placebo/control. Subgroups by clinical/recruitment setting.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 3 Bupropion versus placebo. Subgroups by level of behavioural support.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 4 Bupropion dose response. 300 mg/day versus 150 mg/day.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 5 Bupropion and NRT versus NRT alone.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 6 Bupropion for relapse prevention.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 7 Bupropion versus NRT.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 8 Bupropion versus varenicline.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bupropion. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 9 Bupropion for harm reduction.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nortriptyline. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 Nortriptyline versus placebo.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nortriptyline. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 2 Nortriptyline and NRT versus NRT alone.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Bupropion versus nortriptyline. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 Bupropion versus nortriptyline.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up., Outcome 1 SSRI versus placebo/control.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up., Outcome 2 SSRI and NRT versus NRT alone.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 MAOIs versus placebo.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Venlafaxine versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 Venlafaxine versus placebo.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 St John's wort versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 St John's wort versus placebo.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 SAMe versus placebo. Abstinence at 6m or greater follow‐up, Outcome 1 SAMe versus placebo.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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    1. Gonzales D, Nides M, Ferry LH, Segall N, Herrero L, Modell J, et al. Retreatment with bupropion SR: results from 12‐month follow‐up (RP‐83). Rapid Communication Poster Abstracts. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting, February 20‐23 Savannah, Georgia. 2002.
    1. Gonzales DH, Nides MA, Ferry LH, Kustra RP, Jamerson BD, Segall N, et al. Bupropion SR as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers treated previously with bupropion: A randomized placebo‐controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2001;69:438‐44. - PubMed
Gonzales 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained‐release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:47‐55. - PubMed
    1. Hays JT, Leischow SJ, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Adherence to treatment for tobacco dependence: association with smoking abstinence and predictors of adherence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010; Vol. 12, issue 6:574‐81. [] - PubMed
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Górecka 2003 {published data only}
    1. Górecka D, Bednarek M, Nowinski A, Puscinska E, Goljan‐Geremek A, Zielinski J. Effect of treatment for nicotine dependence in patients with COPD [Wyniki leczenia uzaleznienia od nikotyny chorych na przewlekla obturacyjna chorobe pluc]. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 2003;71:411‐7. - PubMed
Grant 2007 {published data only}
    1. Grant KM, Kelley SS, Smith LM, Agrawal S, Meyer JR, Romberger DJ. Bupropion and nicotine patch as smoking cessation aids in alcoholics. Alcohol 2007;41(5):381‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Haggsträm 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haggsträm FM, Chatkin JM, Sussenbach‐Vaz E, Cesari DH, Fam CF, Fritscher CC. A controlled trial of nortriptyline, sustained‐release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: preliminary results. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006;19:205‐9. - PubMed
Hall 1998 {published data only}
    1. Haas AL, Munoz RF, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Hall SM. Influences of mood, depression history, and treatment modality on outcomes in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2004;72:563‐70. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Gorecki JA, Reus VI, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF. Belief about drug assignment and abstinence in treatment of cigarette smoking using nortriptyline. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(4):467‐71. - PubMed
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    1. Mooney ME, Reus VI, Gorecki J, Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nortriptyline in smoking cessation: a multistudy analysis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008;83:436‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Gorecki JA, Reus VI, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF. Belief about drug assignment and abstinence in treatment of cigarette smoking using nortriptyline. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(4):467‐71. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet G, Maude‐Griffin R, Reus VI, Munoz R, Hartz DT. Nortriptyline versus bupropion and medical management versus psychological intervention in smoking treatment (PA 5A). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting March 23‐23 Seattle, Washington. 2001:31.
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Hartz DT, Maude‐Griffin R. Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002;59:930‐36. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Lightwood JM, Humfleet GL, Bostrom A, Reus VI, Munoz R. Cost‐effectiveness of bupropion, nortriptyline, and psychological intervention in smoking cessation. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 2005;32:381‐92. - PubMed
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Hall 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Cullen J. Extended nortriptyline and psychological treatment for cigarette smoking. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161:2100‐7. - PubMed
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Hall 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, Reus VI, Prochaska JJ, Robbins JA. Using extended cognitive behavioral treatment and medication to treat dependent smokers. American Journal of Public Health 2011; Vol. 101, issue 12:2349‐56. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Hatsukami 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hatsukami DK, Rennard S, Patel MK, Kotlyar M, Malcolm R, Nides MA, et al. Effects of sustained‐release bupropion among persons interested in reducing but not quitting smoking. American Journal of Medicine 2004;116:151‐7. - PubMed
    1. Rennard S, Hatsukami D, Malcolm R E, Patel MK, Jamerson BD, Dozier G. Zyban (bupropion HCL SR) vs placebo as an aid to smoking reduction among smokers unwilling and unable to quit smoking (PO4 77). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting March 23‐23 Seattle, Washington. 2001:117.
Hays 2001 {published data only}
    1. Abel GA, Hays JT, Decker PA, Croghan GA, Kuter DJ, Rigotti NA. Effects of biochemically confirmed smoking cessation on white blood cell count. Mayo Clin Proceedings 2005;80:1022‐28. - PubMed
    1. Cox LS, Patten CA, Niaura RS, Decker PA, Rigotti N, Sachs DPL, et al. Efficacy of bupropion for relapse prevention in smokers with and without a past history of major depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2004;19:828‐34. - PMC - PubMed
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Hays 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hays JT, Hurt RD, Decker PA, Croghan IT, Offord KP, Patten CA. A randomized, controlled trial of bupropion sustained‐release for preventing tobacco relapse in recovering alcoholics. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009; Vol. 11, issue 7:859‐67. [] - PMC - PubMed
Hertzberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hertzberg MA, Moore SD, Feldman ME, Beckham JC. A preliminary study of bupropion sustained‐release for smoking cessation in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;21:94‐8. - PubMed
Holt 2005 {published data only}
    1. Holt S, Timu‐Parata C, Ryder‐Lewis S, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand. Thorax 2005;60:120‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Hurt 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dale LC, Glover ED, Sachs DP, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Croghan IT, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation: predictors of successful outcome. Chest 2001;119:1357‐1364. - PubMed
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Hurt 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hurt RD, Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Krook JE, Silberstein PT. Bupropion for relapse prevention after nicotine patch therapy [PA 5B abstract ]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting, March 23‐23 2001, Seattle, Washington. 2001:32.
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Jorenby 1999 {published data only}
    1. Durcan MJ, White J, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Rennard SI, Leischow SJ, et al. Impact of prior nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation efficacy. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;26:213‐20. - PubMed
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    1. Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston AJ, et al. Targeting smokers at increased risk for relapse: treating women and those with a history of depression. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5:99‐109. - PubMed
Jorenby 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hays JT, Leischow SJ, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Adherence to treatment for tobacco dependence: association with smoking abstinence and predictors of adherence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010; Vol. 12, issue 6:574‐81. [] - PubMed
    1. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained‐release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:56‐63. - PubMed
    1. King DP, Paciga S, Pickering E, Benowitz NL, Bierut LJ, Conti DV, et al. Smoking cessation pharmacogenetics: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo‐controlled clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37(3):641‐50. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Kahn 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kahn R, Gorgon L, Jones K, McSherry F, Glover ED, Anthenelli RM, et al. Selegiline transdermal system (STS) as an aid for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press (Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom), 2012; Vol. 14, issue 3:377‐82. [] - PMC - PubMed
Kalman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kalman D, Herz L, Monti P, Kahler CW, Mooney M, Rodrigues S, et al. Incremental efficacy of adding bupropion to the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in smokers with a recent history of alcohol dependence: results from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011;118(2‐3):111‐8. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Killen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg A, Hayward C, Varady A. Onset of major depression during treatment for nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors 2003;28:461‐70. - PubMed
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Killen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Robinson TN, Ammerman S, Hayward C, Rogers J, Samuels D. Major depression among adolescent smokers undergoing treatment for nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29:1517‐26. - PubMed
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Killen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GM Jr, Hayward C, Arredondo C, Cromp D, et al. Extended treatment with Bupropion SR for cigarette smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(2):286‐94. - PubMed
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Killen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GMJ, Hayward C, Fong D, Lowenthal K, et al. Failure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapy. Addiction 2010; Vol. 105, issue 9:1660‐8. [] - PMC - PubMed
Levine 2010 {published data only}
    1. Levine MD, Perkins KA, Kalarchian MA, Cheng Y, Houck PR, Slane JD, et al. Bupropion and cognitive behavioural therapy for weight‐concerned women smokers. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010; Vol. 170, issue 6:543‐50. [] - PMC - PubMed
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McCarthy 2008 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy DE. Mechanisms of tobacco cessation treatment: Self‐report mediators of counseling and bupropion sustained release treatment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2007;67(9‐B):5414.
    1. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Jorenby DE, Lawrence DL, Shiffman S, Baker TB. A multi‐level analysis of non‐significant counseling effects in a randomized smoking cessation trial. Addiction 2010; Vol. 105, issue 12:2195‐208. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Muramoto 2007 {published data only}
    1. Best D. Bupropion assists with tobacco cessation in adolescents but relapse is high. Journal of Pediatrics 2008; Vol. 152, issue 5:738‐9. [] - PubMed
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Myles 2004 {published data only}
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Angliss M, Mezzavia P, Lee L. Effectiveness of bupropion as an aid to stopping smoking before elective surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2004;59:1053‐8. - PubMed
Niaura 2002 {published data only}
    1. Borrelli B, Niaura R, Keuthen NJ, Goldstein MG, Depue JD, Murphy C, et al. Development of major depressive disorder during smoking‐cessation treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57:534‐8. - PubMed
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Nides 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, Rennard S, Watsky EJ, Anziano R, et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: Results from a 7‐week, randomized, placebo‐ and bupropion‐controlled trial with 1‐year follow‐up. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166:1561‐8. - PubMed
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Parsons 2009 {published data only}
    1. Parsons A, Ingram J, Inglis J, Aveyard P, Johnstone E, Brown K, et al. A proof of concept randomised placebo controlled factorial trial to examine the efficacy of St John's wort for smoking cessation and chromium to prevent weight gain on smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009; Vol. 102, issue 1‐3:116‐22. [] - PubMed
Piper 2007 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME. Bupropion alone and in combination with nicotine gum: Efficacy, mediation and moderation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2007;67(9‐B):5418.
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Efficacy of bupropion alone and in combination with nicotine gum. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9:947‐54. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Mediators of bupropion treatment effects (SYM 2C). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting February 26‐March 1, Portland, Oregon 2008:31. [; 9400123000005187]
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Efficacy of bupropion SR alone and combined with 4‐mg gum (PA2‐2). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004:18.
    1. Piper ME, Federmen EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Using mediational models to explore the nature of tobacco motivation and tobacco treatment effects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008;117:94‐105. - PubMed
Piper 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Asthana A, Johnson HM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking intensity and cessation on inflammatory markers in a large cohort of active smokers. American Heart Journal 2010; Vol. 160, issue 3:458‐63. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gepner AD, Piper ME, Johnson HM, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. American Heart Journal 2011; Vol. 161, issue 1:145‐51. [] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seeking cessation treatment: relations with tobacco dependence, withdrawal, outcome and response to treatment. Addiction 2011; Vol. 106, issue 2:418‐27. [] - PMC - PubMed
Planer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Planer D, Lev I, Elitzur Y, Sharon N, Ouzan E, Pugatsch T, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011; Vol. 171, issue 12:1055‐60. [] - PubMed
Prochazka 1998 {published data only}
    1. Prochazka AV, Weaver MJ, Keller RT, Fryer GE, Licari PA, Lofaso D. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158:2035‐9. - PubMed
Prochazka 2004 {published data only}
    1. Prochazka AV, Kick S, Steinbrunn C, Miyoshi T, Fryer GE. A randomized trial of nortriptyline combined with transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164:2229‐33. - PubMed
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Richmond 2013 {published data only}
    1. Richmond R, Indig D, Butler T, Wilhelm K, Archer V, Wodak A. A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention conducted among prisoners. Addiction 2013;108(5):966‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Rigotti 2006 {published data only}
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Rose 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Adapting smoking cessation treatment according to initial response to precessation nicotine patch. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013;170:860‐7. [] - PMC - PubMed
Rovina 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rovina N, Nikoloutsou I, Katsani G, Dima E, Fransis K, Roussos C, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in actual clinical practice. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2009; Vol. 3, issue 6:279‐87. [] - PubMed
Saules 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Saules KK, Schuh LM, Arfken CL, Reed K, Kilbey MM, Schuster CR. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of fluoxetine in smoking cessation treatment including nicotine patch and cognitive‐behavioral group therapy. American Journal on Addictions 2004;14:438‐46. - PubMed
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Schmitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schmitz JM, Stotts AL, Mooney ME, Delaune KA, Moeller GF. Bupropion and cognitive‐behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in women.[erratum appears in Nicotine Tob Res. 2007 Jul;9(7):785]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(6):699‐709. - PubMed
Schnoll 2010 {published data only}
    1. Martinez E, Tatum KL, Weber DM, Kuzla N, Pendley A, Campbell K, et al. Issues related to implementing a smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes & Control 2009; Vol. 20, issue 1:97‐104. [] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Schnoll RA, Martinez E, Langer C, Miyamoto C, Leone F. Predictors of smoking cessation among cancer patients enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Acta Oncologica 2011; Vol. 50, issue 5:678‐84. [] - PubMed
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Selby 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register. Study No: ZYB40001. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 12‐week smoking cessation trial of Zyban (150 mg bid) in adult smokers previously treated with Zyban. http‐‐ctr.glaxowellcome.co.uk‐Summary‐bupropion‐IV_ZYB40001.pdf (accessed 23rd August 2006).
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    1. Selby P, Brosky G, Baker R, Lertzman M, Dakin P, Roberts J. Zyban is effective in the retreatment of relapsed adult smokers (PO4 68). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting March 23‐23 Seattle Washington. 2001:114.
Siddiqi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Siddiqi K, Khan A, Ahmad M, Dogar O, Kanaan M, Newell JN, et al. Action to stop smoking in suspected tuberculosis (assist) in Pakistan: A cluster randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;158(9):667‐75. [] - PubMed
    1. Siddiqi K, Khan A, Ahmad M, Shafiq‐ur‐Rehman. An intervention to stop smoking among patients suspected of TB‐‐evaluation of an integrated approach. BMC Public Health 2010;10:160. [] - PMC - PubMed
Simon 2004 {published data only}
    1. Caplan BJ. The "bupropion for smoking cessation" trial from a family practice perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165:470. - PubMed
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Carmody TP, Hudes ES. Bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164:1797‐803. - PubMed
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Carmody TP, Hudes ES. Bupropion plus nicotine replacement no better than replacement alone. Journal of Family Practice 2004;53:953‐4.
Simon 2009 {published data only}
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Huggins J, Solkowitz S, Carmody TP. Sustained‐release bupropion for hospital‐based smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(6):663‐9. - PubMed
Smith 2009 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Bolt DM, et al. Gender, race, and education differences in abstinence rates among participants in two randomized smoking cessation trials. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(6):647‐57. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith SS, McCarthy DE, Japuntich SJ, Christiansen B, Piper ME, Jorenby DE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in primary care clinics. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; Vol. 169, issue 22:2148‐55. [] - PMC - PubMed
SMK20001 {unpublished data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register. Study No: SMK 20001. A Multi‐Center, Double‐Blind, Double‐Dummy, Placebo‐Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Group, Dose Response Evaluation of a New Chemical Entity (NCE) and ZYBAN (bupropion hydrochloride) Sustained Release (300mg/day) versus Placebo As Aids to Smoking Cessation. http://www.gsk‐clinicalstudyregister.com/files/pdf/812.pdf (accessed 4th August 2009).
Sood 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sood A, Ebbert JO, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Bauer B, Schroeder DR. A randomized clinical trial of St. John's wort for smoking cessation. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2010; Vol. 16, issue 7:761‐7. [] - PMC - PubMed
Sood 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sood A, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Ehlers SL, Ebbert JO. S‐Adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) for smoking abstinence: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012;18(9):854‐9. [] - PMC - PubMed
Spring 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carrington A, Doran N, Spring B. Fluoxetine moderates the association between trait‐anxiety and smoking status following behavioral treatment for smoking cessation (POS4‐81). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting February 19‐22 New Orleans, Louisiana. 2003.
    1. Spring B, Doran N, Pagoto S, McChargue D, Cook JW, Bailey K, et al. Fluoxetine, smoking, and history of major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2007;75:85‐94. - PubMed
    1. Spring B, Doran N, Pagoto S, McChargue DE, Cook JW, Bailey K, et al. Reduced abstinence for smokers previously treated with fluoxetine (PA1‐1). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004.
Stapleton 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stapleton J, West R, Hajek P, Wheeler J, Vangeli E, Abdi Z, et al. Randomized trial of NRT, bupropion, and NRT plus bupropion for smoking cessation: effectiveness in clinical practice. Addiction 2013;108(12):2193‐201. [DOI: 10.1111/add.12304] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Swan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Catz S, Jack LM, Swan GE, McClure J. Adherence to bupropion SR in a smoking cessation effectiveness trial (POS2‐77). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
    1. Jack LM, Swan GE, Thompson E, Curry SJ, McAfee T, Dacey S, Bergman K. Bupropion SR and smoking cessation in actual practice: methods for recruitment, screening, and exclusion for a field trial in a managed‐care setting. Preventive Medicine 2003;36:585‐93. - PubMed
    1. Javitz HS, Swan GE, Zbikowski SM, Curry SJ, McAfee TA, Decker DL, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective. American Journal of Managed Care 2004;10:217‐26. - PubMed
    1. McAfee T, Zbikowski SM, Bush T, McClure J, Swan G, Jack LM, Curry S. The effectiveness of bupropion SR and phone counseling for light and heavy smokers (PA2‐1). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004.
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Curry S, Chorost M, Javitz H, McAfee T, Dacey S. Bupropion SR and counseling for smoking cessation in actual practice: Predictors of outcome. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5:911‐21. - PubMed
Tashkin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Patel MK, Tashkin DP, Kanner RE, Bailey WC, Buist A, Anderson PJ, et al. A multicenter evaluation of the effects of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets (Bup SR) versus placebo in a population of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PO130). 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; Aug 6‐11 2000; Chicago, ILL. 2000; Vol. 1:118.
    1. Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, Buist S, Anderson P, Nides M, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1571‐75. - PubMed
Tonnesen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bolliger CT, Gilljam H, Lebargy F, Spiegel PI, Edwards J, Hider A, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban) is effective and well tolerated as an aid to smoking cessation ‐ a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22‐26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 (Suppl 33):12s.
    1. Tonnesen P, Tonstad S, Hjalmarson A, Lebargy F, Spiegel PI, Hider A, et al. A multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 1‐year study of bupropion SR for smoking cessation. Journal of Internal Medicine 2003;254:184‐92. - PubMed
    1. Tonstad S, Aaserud E, Hjalmarson A, Peiffer G, Molen T, Hider A, et al. Zyban is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a general smoking population ‐ a multi‐country study. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd Europe Conference, September 19‐22 2001, Paris, France 2001:46.
Tonstad 2003 {published data only}
    1. McRobbie H, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (SR) is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease 12 month follow‐up phase data (ZYB40014). Abstract and presentation at European Respiratory Society meeting, 14‐18 September 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002.
    1. Tonstad S, Farsang C, Klaene G, Lewis K, Manolis A, Perruchoud AP, et al. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: a multicentre, randomised study. European Heart Journal 2003;24:946‐55. - PubMed
    1. Spiegel PI, Lewis K, Seinost G, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban) is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease ‐ a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22‐26. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):13s.
Uyar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Uyar M, Bayram N, Filiz A, Elbek O, Topçu A, Dikensoy O, et al. Comparison of nicotine patch and bupropion in treating tobacco dependence. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):388s.
    1. Uyar M, Filiz A, Bayram N, Elbek O, Herken H, Topcu A, et al. A randomized trial of smoking cessation. Medication versus motivation. Saudi Medical Journal 2007;28(6):922‐6. - PubMed
Wagena 2005 {published data only}
    1. Quaak M, Schayck Constant P, Postma Dirkje S, Wagena Edwin J, Schooten Frederik J. Genetic variants in the serotonin transporter influence the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline in smoking cessation. Addiction 2012; Vol. 107, issue 1:178‐87. [] - PubMed
    1. Wagena EJ, Knipschild PG, Huibers MJH, Wouters EFM, Schayck CPR. Efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline for smoking cessation among people who are at risk for or have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(4):683‐4. []
    1. Schayck CP, Kaper J, Wagena EJ, Wouters EF, Severens JL. The cost‐effectiveness of antidepressants for smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Addiction 2009; Vol. 104, issue 12:2110‐7. [] - PubMed
Weinberger 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Weinberger AH, George TP, Mckee SA. Differences in smoking expectancies in smokers with and without a history of major depression. Addictive Behaviors 2011; Vol. 36, issue 4:434‐7. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Mckee SA, George TP. Changes in smoking expectancies in abstinent, reducing, and non‐abstinent participants during a pharmacological trial for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010; Vol. 12, issue 9:937‐43. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, Jatlow PI, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine‐dependent cigarette smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2010; Vol. 107, issue 2‐3:188‐95. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial of selegiline for smoking cessation: Preliminary results (POS5‐29). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 15th Annual Meeting April 27‐30, 2009, Dublin, Ireland.
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, Solorzano M, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of selegiline for smoking cessation (abstract 653). CPDD 71st Annual Meeting, June 20‐25 2009, Reno Nevada.
Wittchen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wittchen HU, Hoch E, Klotsche J, Muehlig S. Smoking cessation in primary care ‐ a randomized controlled trial of bupropion, nicotine replacements, CBT and a minimal intervention. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2011;20(1):28‐39. [] - PMC - PubMed
Zellweger 2005 {published data only}
    1. Puska P, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider AE. Zyban is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population ‐ a multi‐country study. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd European Conference, September 2001, Paris, France. 2001:45.
    1. Zellweger JP, Blaziene A, Astbury C, Hider A, Hogue S. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population ‐ a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22‐26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 (Suppl 33):166s.
    1. Zellweger JP, Boelcskei PL, Carrozzi L, Sepper R, Sweet R, Hider AZ. Bupropion SR vs placebo for smoking cessation in health care professionals. American Journal of Health Behavior 2005;29:240‐9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Akbarpour 2010 {published data only}
    1. Akbarpour F, Rezaei O, Khodaie‐Ardakani MR, Sheikhvatan M, Goodarzi H, Dolatshahi B. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of bupropion for smoking abstinence and cognition improvement in schizophrenia. Minerva Psichiatrica 2010; Vol. 51, issue 4:263‐9. []
Banham 2010 {published data only}
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Barnes 2006 {published data only}
    1. Barnes J, Barber N, Wheatley D, Williamson EM. A pilot randomised, open, uncontrolled, clinical study of two dosages of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) herb extract (LI‐160) as an aid to motivational/behavioural support in smoking cessation. Planta Medica 2006;72(4):378‐82. - PubMed
Becker 2003 {unpublished data only}
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Berlin 2002 {published data only}
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Berlin 2005 {published data only}
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Berlin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Berlin I, Hunneyball IM, Greiling D, Jones SP, Fuder H, Stahl HD. A selective reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor in smoking cessation: effects on its own and in association with transdermal nicotine patch. Psychopharmacology 2012;223(1):89‐98. [] - PubMed
Bloch 2010 {published data only}
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Bowen 1991 {published data only}
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Brauer 2000 {unpublished data only}
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Breitling 2008 {published data only}
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Carrão 2007 {published data only}
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Chan 2005 {published data only}
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Cornelius 1997 {published data only}
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Cornelius 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cornelius JR, Perkins KA, Salloum IM, Thase ME, Moss HB. Fluoxetine versus placebo to decrease the smoking of depressed alcoholic patients [letter]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999;19:183‐4. - PubMed
Dalack 1995 {published data only}
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Dale 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Schroeder DR, Croghan IT, Rasmussen DF, Trautman JA, et al. Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine dependence in spit tobacco users: a pilot study. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2002;4(3):267‐74. - PubMed
Dale 2007 {published data only}
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Daniela 2008 {published data only}
    1. Daniela I, Carmen C. The combination of sertraline with buspirone for smoking cessation process ‐ The effectiveness and adverse events. Toxicology Letters 2008;180(Suppl 1):S130.
Edwards 1989 {published data only}
    1. Edwards NB, Murphy JK, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Doxepin as an adjunct to smoking cessation: a double‐blind pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989;146(3):373‐6. - PubMed
    1. Murphy JK, Edwards NB, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147(10):1353‐7. - PubMed
Elsasser 2002 {published data only}
    1. Elsasser GN, Guck TP, Destache CJ, Daher PM, Frey DR, Jones J, et al. Sustained release bupropion in the treatment of nicotine addiction among teenage smokers (RP‐32). Rapid Communication Poster Abstracts. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting, February 20‐23 Savannah, Georgia. 2002.
Evins 2008 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Alpert JE, Pava J, Petersen TJ, Farabaugh AH, Fava M. A double blind placebo controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and cognitive behavioral therapy in smokers with current or past unipolar depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30 Suppl 1:S91.
    1. Evins AE, Culhane MA, Alpert JE, Pava J, Liese BS, Farabaugh, A, et al. A controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in adults with unipolar depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28:660‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Fatemi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fatemi SH, Stary JM, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross over trial of bupropion in smoking reduction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005;76(2‐3):353‐6. - PubMed
Frederick 1997 {published data only}
    1. Frederick SL, Hall SM, Sees KL. The effect of venlafaxine on smoking cessation in subjects with and without a history of depression. NIDA Research Monograph 1997;174:208.
Gawin 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gawin F, Compton M, Byck R. Buspirone reduces smoking [letter]. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989;46(3):288‐9. - PubMed
Gifford 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gifford EV, Kohlenberg BS, Hayes SC, Pierson HM, Piasecki MP, Antonuccio DO, et al. Does acceptance and relationship focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of functional analytic psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy 2011; Vol. 42, issue 4:700‐15. [] - PubMed
Glover 2002 {published data only}
    1. Glover ED, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CL, Hobbs G. A comparison of sustained‐release bupropion and placebo for smokeless tobacco cessation. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;26(5):386‐93. - PubMed
Gold 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gold PB, Rubey RN, Harvey RT. Naturalistic, self‐assignment comparative trial of bupropion SR, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation treatment in primary care. American Journal of Addiction 2002;11(4):315‐31. - PubMed
Grandi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Grandi S, Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ. The efficacy and safety of bupropion started in‐hospital for smoking cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Circulation 2011; Vol. 124, issue 21 SUPPL 1. [; 9400123000012459]
Grassi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grassi MC, Enea D, Ferketich AK, Lu B, Nencini P. A smoking ban in public places increases the efficacy of bupropion and counseling on cessation outcomes at 1 year. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009; Vol. 11, issue 9:1114‐21. [] - PubMed
Gray 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Gray KM, Upadhyaya HP. Assessment of nicotine dependence among adolescent and young adult smokers: A comparison of measures. Addictive Behaviors 2010; Vol. 35, issue 11:977‐82. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Hall 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Robbins JA, Prochaska JJ. Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers. Addiction 2009; Vol. 104, issue 6:1043‐52. [] - PMC - PubMed
Hawk 2008 {unpublished data only}
    1. Hawk LW, Mahoney MC, Ashare RL, Rhodes JD, Oliver JA, Cummings KM, et al. Preliminary evidence of extinction of smoking behavior with bupropion (PA9‐4). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting February 26‐March 1, Portland, Oregon. 2008.
Hilberink 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hilberink SR, Jacobs JE, Breteler MHM, Vries H, Grol RPTM. General practice counseling for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to quit smoking: Impact after 1 year of two complex interventions. Patient Education and Counseling 2011; Vol. 83, issue 1:120‐4. [] - PubMed
Hitsman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hitsman B, Pingitore R, Spring B, Mahableshwarkar A, Mizes JS, Segraves KA, et al. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy helps some cigarette smokers more than others. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychiatry 1999;67:547‐54. - PubMed
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Houtsmuller 2002 {published data only}
    1. Houtsmuller EJ, Stitzer ML. Selegiline effects on smoking and abstinence [abstract]. CPDD Annual Meeting; 1998; Scottsdale, AZ 1998.
    1. Houtsmuller EJ, Thornton JA, Stitzer ML. Effects of selegiline (l‐deprenyl) during smoking and short‐term abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;163:213‐20. - PubMed
Hussain 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hussain S, Zawertailo L, Busto U, Zack M, Farvolden P, Selby P. The impact of chronic bupropion on plasma cotinine and on the subjective effects of ad lib smoking: a randomized controlled trial in unmotivated smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2010; Vol. 35, issue 2:164‐7. [] - PubMed
Jacobs 1971 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs MA, Spilken AZ, Norman MM, Wohlberg GW, Knapp PH. Interaction of personality and treatment conditions associated with success in a smoking control program. Psychosomatic Medicine 1971;33(6):545‐56. - PubMed
Kalman 2004 {unpublished data only}
    1. Kalman D, Engler P, Monti P. Preliminary findings from a pilot treatment study of smokers in early alcohol recovery (POS1‐072). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004.
Karam‐Hage 2011 {published data only}
    1. Karam‐Hage M, Strobbe S, Robinson JD, Brower KJ. Bupropion‐SR for smoking cessation in early recovery from alcohol dependence: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind pilot study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2011;37(6):487‐90. [] - PMC - PubMed
Kotz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confrontational counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with previously undiagnosed mild to moderate airflow limitation: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2007;7:332. - PMC - PubMed
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Kras 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kras M, Stough C, Scholey A, Kure C, Camfield D. Hypericum perforatum, nicotine patches and combination hypericum perforatum/nicotine patches for smoking cessation. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; Vol. 20:S608‐9. []
Lawvere 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lawvere S, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Hyland AJ. St John's Wort for smoking cessation: twelve months post cessation. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
    1. Lawvere S, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Kepner JL, Hyland A, Lawrence DD, et al. A Phase II study of St. John's Wort for smoking cessation. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2006;14(3):175‐84. - PubMed
Le Foll 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Le Foll, B. Testing a full substitution therapy approach as treatment of tobacco dependence (NCT00390923). Clinicaltrials.gov 2009:http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00390923, accessed on 25 June 2013.
Li 2009 {published data only}
    1. Li J, Zhang T, Wang B, Li X. An efficacy analysis of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Zhongguo Xinyao Yu Linchuang Zazhi (Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies) 2009; Vol. 28, issue 3:231‐4. []
Miller 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miller H, Ranger‐Moore J, Hingten M. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a pilot study [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189(6):S133.
Monuteaux 2007 {published data only}
    1. Monuteaux MC, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Wilson AM, Biederman J. A randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial of bupropion for the prevention of smoking in children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(7):1094‐101. - PubMed
Mooney 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mooney ME, Poling J, Gonzalez G, Gonsai K, Kosten T, Sofuoglu M. Preliminary study of buprenorphine and bupropion for opioid‐dependent smokers. American Journal on Addictions 2008;17(4):287‐92. - PMC - PubMed
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Naranjo 1990 {published data only}
    1. Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley Remus D, Sellers EM. Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1990;47:490‐8. - PubMed
Neumann 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Neumann JK, Peeples B, East J, Ellis AR. Nicotine reduction: effectiveness of bupropion. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;177:87‐88. - PubMed
Neumann 2002 {published data only}
    1. Neumann JK, Peeples B, Seneker A. Nicotine reduction and bupropion. Chest 2002;121:1378. - PubMed
Niederhofer 2004 {published data only}
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Olmstead 1999 {published data only}
    1. Olmstead R, Kelly J, Chin C, Iwamoto‐Schaap PN, Madsen DC, Huerta L, et al. Combined bupropion and mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: a pilot trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Fifth Annual Meeting March 5‐7 San Diego CA. 1999.
Paluck 2006 {published data only}
    1. Paluck EC, McCormack JP, Ensom MH, Levine M, Soon JA, Fielding DW. Outcomes of bupropion therapy for smoking cessation during routine clinical use. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2996;40(2):185‐90. - PubMed
Pomerleau 1991 {published data only}
    1. Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS, Morrell EM, Lowenbergh JM. Effects of fluoxetine on weight gain and food intake in smokers who reduce nicotine intake. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991;16:433‐40. - PubMed
Raynor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Raynor DA. Adherence to pharmacological smoking cessation treatment among weight‐concerned women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2005;65(8‐B):4301.
Robinson 1991 {published data only}
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