Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Jan 15;2014(1):CD008963.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008963.pub2.

Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis

Féline P B Kroon  1 , Lennart R A van der Burg, Rachelle Buchbinder, Richard H Osborne, Renea V Johnston, Veronica Pitt
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis

Féline P B Kroon et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Self-management education programmes are complex interventions specifically targeted at patient education and behaviour modification. They are designed to encourage people with chronic disease to take an active self-management role to supplement medical care and improve outcomes.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of self-management education programmes for people with osteoarthritis.

Search methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PyscINFO, SCOPUS and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trial Registry Platform were searched, without language restriction, on 17 January 2013. We checked references of reviews and included trials to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of self-management education programmes in people with osteoarthritis were included. Studies with participants receiving passive recipients of care and studies comparing one type of programme versus another were excluded.

Data collection and analysis: In addition to standard methods we extracted components of the self-management interventions using the eight domains of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ), and contextual and participant characteristics using PROGRESS-Plus and the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Outcomes included self-management of osteoarthritis, participant's positive and active engagement in life, pain, global symptom score, self-reported function, quality of life and withdrawals (including dropouts and those lost to follow-up). We assessed the quality of the body of evidence for these outcomes using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included twenty-nine studies (6,753 participants) that compared self-management education programmes to attention control (five studies), usual care (17 studies), information alone (four studies) or another intervention (seven studies). Although heterogeneous, most interventions included elements of skill and technique acquisition (94%), health-directed activity (85%) and self-monitoring and insight (79%); social integration and support were addressed in only 12%. Most studies did not provide enough information to assess all PROGRESS-Plus items. Eight studies included predominantly Caucasian, educated female participants, and only four provided any information on participants' health literacy. All studies were at high risk of performance and detection bias for self-reported outcomes; 20 studies were at high risk of selection bias, 16 were at high risk of attrition bias, two were at high risk of reporting bias and 12 were at risk of other biases. We deemed attention control as the most appropriate and thus the main comparator.Compared with attention control, self-management programmes may not result in significant benefits at 12 months. Low-quality evidence from one study (344 people) indicates that self-management skills were similar in active and control groups: 5.8 points on a 10-point self-efficacy scale in the control group, and the mean difference (MD) between groups was 0.4 points (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.39 to 1.19). Low-quality evidence from four studies (575 people) indicates that self-management programmes may lead to a small but clinically unimportant reduction in pain: the standardised mean difference (SMD) between groups was -0.26 (95% CI -0.44 to -0.09); pain was 6 points on a 0 to 10 visual analogue scale (VAS) in the control group, treatment resulted in a mean reduction of 0.8 points (95% CI -0.14 to -0.3) on a 10-point scale, with number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) of 8 (95% CI 5 to 23). Low-quality evidence from one study (251 people) indicates that the mean global osteoarthritis score was 4.2 on a 0 to 10-point symptom scale (lower better) in the control group, and treatment reduced symptoms by a mean of 0.14 points (95% CI -0.54 to 0.26). This result does not exclude the possibility of a clinically important benefit in some people (0.5 point reduction included in 95% CI). Low-quality evidence from three studies (574 people) showed no signficant difference in function between groups (SMD -0.19, 95% CI -0.5 to 0.11); mean function was 1.29 points on a 0 to 3-point scale in the control group, and treatment resulted in a mean improvement of 0.04 points with self-management (95% CI -0.10 to 0.02). Low-quality evidence from one study (165 people) showed no between-group difference in quality of life (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.01) from a control group mean of 0.57 units on 0 to 1 well-being scale. Moderate-quality evidence from five studies (937 people) shows similar withdrawal rates between self-management (13%) and control groups (12%): RR 1.11 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.57). Positive and active engagement in life was not measured.Compared with usual care, moderate-quality evidence from 11 studies (up to 1,706 participants) indicates that self-management programmes probably provide small benefits up to 21 months, in terms of self-management skills, pain, osteoarthritis symptoms and function, although these are of doubtful clinical importance, and no improvement in positive and active engagement in life or quality of life. Withdrawal rates were similar. Low to moderate quality evidence indicates no important differences in self-management , pain, symptoms, function, quality of life or withdrawal rates between self-management programmes and information alone or other interventions (exercise, physiotherapy, social support or acupuncture).

Authors' conclusions: Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that self-management education programmes result in no or small benefits in people with osteoarthritis but are unlikely to cause harm.Compared with attention control, these programmes probably do not improve self-management skills, pain, osteoarthritis symptoms, function or quality of life, and have unknown effects on positive and active engagement in life. Compared with usual care, they may slightly improve self-management skills, pain, function and symptoms, although these benefits are of unlikely clinical importance.Further studies investigating the effects of self-management education programmes, as delivered in the trials in this review, are unlikely to change our conclusions substantially, as confounding from biases across studies would have likely favoured self-management. However, trials assessing other models of self-management education programme delivery may be warranted. These should adequately describe the intervention they deliver and consider the expanded PROGRESS-Plus framework and health literacy, to explore issues of health equity for recipients.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

RB and RHO were investigators for one of the included trials but had no part in deciding on inclusion, assessment of risk of bias, data extraction or interpretation of the results (Ackerman 2012).

Figures

1
1
Flowchart.
2
2
Summary of the risk of bias across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 SMP versus Usual care/No treatment/Wait list, outcome: 3.1 Self‐management of OA.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 SMP versus Usual care/No treatment/Wait list, outcome: 3.3 Dropouts.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 SMP versus Usual care/No treatment/Wait list, outcome: 3.4 Pain.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 1 Self‐management of OA.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 2 Pain.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 3 Global OA scores.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 4 Function—self‐reported.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 5 Quality of life.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 6 Withdrawals.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 SMP versus attention control, Outcome 7 Emotional distress.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 1 Self‐management of OA.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 2 Engagement in life.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 3 Pain.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 4 Global OA scores.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 5 Function—self‐reported.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 6 Function—performance.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 7 Quality of life.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 8 Withdrawals.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 9 Emotional distress.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 10 Health‐directed activity.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 11 Skill and technique acquisition.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 12 Constructive attitudes and approaches.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 13 Social integration and support.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 SMP versus usual care/no treatment/wait list, Outcome 14 Health service navigation.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 1 Self‐management of OA.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 2 Engagement in life.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 3 Pain.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 4 Global OA scores.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 5 Function—self‐reported.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 6 Function—performance.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 7 Quality of life.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 8 Withdrawals.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 9 Emotional distress.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 10 Health‐directed activity.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 11 Social integration and support.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 12 Health service navigation.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 13 Skill and technique acquisition.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 SMP versus information only, Outcome 14 Constructive attitudes and approaches.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 1 Self‐management of OA.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 2 Pain.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 3 Global OA scores.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 4 Function—self‐reported.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 5 Function—performance.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 6 Quality of life.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 7 Withdrawals.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 8 Emotional distress.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 SMP versus non‐SMP intervention, Outcome 9 Constructive attitudes and approaches.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 SMP versus acupuncture, Outcome 1 Global OA scores.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 SMP versus acupuncture, Outcome 2 Pain.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 SMP versus acupuncture, Outcome 3 Function self‐reported.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 SMP versus acupuncture, Outcome 4 Function performance.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 SMP versus acupuncture, Outcome 5 Withdrawals.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1 Self‐management in OA.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2 Function self‐reported.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3 Pain.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis, Outcome 4 Withdrawals.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008963

References

References to studies included in this review

Ackerman 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ackerman IN, Buchbinder R, Osborne RH. Challenges in evaluating an Arthritis Self‐Management Program for people with hip and knee osteoarthritis in real‐world clinical settings. Journal of Rheumatology 2012;39(5):1047‐55. - PubMed
    1. Osborne RH, Buchbinder R, Ackerman IN. Can a disease‐specific education program augment self‐management skills and improve Health‐Related Quality of Life in people with hip or knee osteoarthritis?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006;7:90. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17134516] - PMC - PubMed
Allen 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Allen KD, Oddone EZ, Coffman CJ, Datta SK, Juntilla KA, Lindquist JH, et al. Telephone‐based self‐management of osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;153(9):570‐9. - PubMed
    1. Allen KD, Oddone EZ, Stock JL, Coffman CJ, Lindquist JH, Juntilla KA, et al. The self‐management of osteoarthritis in veterans (SeMOA) study: design and methodology. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2008;29(4):596‐607. - PubMed
Berman 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Berman BM, Lao L, Langenberg P, Lee WL, Gilpin AM, Hochberg MC. Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;141(12):901‐10. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15611487] - PubMed
Blixen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Blixen CE, Bramstedt KA, Hammel JP, Tiley BC. A pilot study of health education via a nurse‐run telephone self‐management programme for elderly people with osteoarthritis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2004;10(1):44‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15006216] - PubMed
Buszewicz 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Buszewicz M, Rait G, Griffin M, Nazareth I, Patel A, Atkinson A, et al. Self management of arthritis in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;333(7574):879. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17040926] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patel A, Buszewicz M, Beecham J, Griffin M, Rait G, Nazareth I, et al. Economic evaluation of arthritis self management in primary care. BMJ 2009;339:b3532. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 19773329] - PMC - PubMed
Calfas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Calfas KJ. The effects of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention upon function and depression in osteoarthritis. PhD/Dissertation Abstracts International 1991.
    1. Calfas KJ, Kaplan RM, Ingram RE. One‐year evaluation of cognitive‐behavioral intervention in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 1992;5(4):202‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 1489766] - PubMed
Cronan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cronan TA, Groessl E, Kaplan RM. The effects of social support and education interventions on health care costs. Arthritis and Research 1997;10(2):99‐110. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 9313398] - PubMed
    1. Cronan TA, Hay M, Groessl E, Bigatti S, Gallagher R, Tomita M. The effects of social support and education on health care costs after three years. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11(5):326‐34. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 9830877] - PubMed
    1. Gallagher RA, Miller C, Cronan TA, Groessl E. Gender differences in participation and responsiveness to a health intervention for older Americans. Women & Health 1997;25(3):63‐81. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 9273984] - PubMed
    1. Groessl E, Cronan TA. A cost analysis of self‐management programs for people with chronic illness. American Journal of Community Psychology 2000;28(4):455‐80. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 10965386] - PubMed
    1. Groessl EJ. Participation and empowerment: factors related to positive outcomes in a health intervention with older people with osteoarthritis. PhD/University of California, San Diego 1999.
Crotty 2009 {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Prendergast J, Battersby MW, Rowett D, Graves SE, Leach G, et al. Self‐management and peer support among people with arthritis on a hospital joint replacement waiting list: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009;17(11):1428‐33. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 19486959] - PubMed
Hansson 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hansson EE, Jonsson‐Lundgren M, Ronnheden AM, Sorensson E, Bjarnung A, Dahlberg LE. Effect of an education programme for patients with osteoarthritis in primary care—A randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:244. - PMC - PubMed
Heuts 2005 {published data only}
    1. Heuts PH, Bie R, Drietelaar M, Aretz K, Hopman‐Rock M, Bastiaenen CH, et al. Self‐management in osteoarthritis of hip or knee: a randomized clinical trial in a primary healthcare setting. The Journal of Rheumatology 2005;32(3):543‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15742451] - PubMed
Hopman‐Rock 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hopman‐Rock M, Westhoff MH. The effects of a health educational and exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis for the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(8):1947‐54. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 10955337] - PubMed
Hughes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hughes SL, Seymour RB, Campbell R, Pollak N, Huber G, Sharma L. Impact of the fit and strong intervention on older adults with osteoarthritis. The Gerontologist 2004;44(2):217‐28. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15075418] - PubMed
    1. Hughes SL, Seymour RB, Campbell RT, Huber G, Pollak N, Sharma L, et al. Long‐term impact of Fit and Strong! on older adults with osteoarthritis. The Gerontologist 2006;46(6):801‐14. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17169935] - PubMed
Hurley 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hurley M, Jessop S, Walsh N, Ratcliffe J. A community‐based integrated rehabilitation programme for chronic knee pain. Rheumatology 2009;48:i4.
    1. Hurley M, Walsh N, Mitchell H, Nicholas J. Improvements in physical function were sustained for 2 1/2 years following escape‐knee pain: an integrated rehabilitation programme for chronic knee pain. Rheumatology 2010;49:i16‐17.
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell HL, Pimm TJ, Patel A, Williamson E, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain: a cluster randomized trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007;57(7):1211‐19. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17907147] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell HL, Pimm TJ, Williamson E, Jones RH, et al. Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007;57(7):1220‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17907207] - PMC - PubMed
Jessep 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jessep SA, Walsh NE, Ratcliffe J, Hurley MV. Long‐term clinical benefits and costs of an integrated rehabilitation programme compared with outpatient physiotherapy for chronic knee pain. Physiotherapy 2009;95(2):94‐102. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 19627690] - PubMed
Keefe 1990 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Williams DA, Gil KM, Mitchell D, Robertson C, Martinez S, et al. Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain: II. Follow‐up results. Behavior Therapy 1990;21(4):435‐47. [DOI: ]
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Williams DA, Gil KM, Mitchell D, Robertson C, Martinez S, et al. Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain: a comparative study. Behavior Therapy 1990;21(1):49‐62. [DOI: ]
Keefe 1996 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, et al. Spouse‐assisted coping skills training in the management of knee pain in osteoarthritis: long‐term followup results. Arthritis Care and Research 1999;12(2):101‐11. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 10513498] - PubMed
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, et al. Spouse‐assisted coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Arthritis Care and Research 1996;9(4):279‐91. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 8997917] - PubMed
Keefe 2004 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Blumenthal J, Baucom D, Affleck G, Waugh R, Caldwell DS, et al. Effects of spouse‐assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study. Pain 2004;110(3):539‐49. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15288394] - PubMed
Lorig 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Laurent DD, Plant K. The internet‐based arthritis self‐management program: a one‐year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2008;59(7):1009‐17. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 18576310] - PubMed
Maisiak 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Maisiak R, Austin J, Heck L. Health outcomes of two telephone interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(8):1391‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 8702449] - PubMed
Martire 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Martire LM, Schulz R, Keefe FJ, Rudy TE, Starz TW. Couple‐oriented education and support intervention: effects on individuals with osteoarthritis and their spouses. Rehabilitation Psychology 2007;52(2):121‐32. [DOI: ]
Maurer 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80(10):1293‐9. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 10527090] - PubMed
Mazzuca 1997 {published data only}
    1. Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Chambers M, Byrd D, Hanna M. Effects of self‐care education on the health status of inner‐city patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1997;40(8):1466‐74. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 9259427] - PubMed
    1. Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Hanna MP, Melfi CA. Reduced utilization and cost of primary care clinic visits resulting from self‐care education for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1999;42(6):1267‐73. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 10366121] - PubMed
Mazzuca 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Ragozzino LR, G'Sell PM. Can a nurse‐directed intervention reduce the exposure of patients with knee osteoarthritis to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs?. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 2004;10(6):315‐22. [DOI: ] - PubMed
McKnight 2010 {published data only}
    1. McKnight PE, Afram A, Kashdan TB, Kasle S, Zautra A. Coping self‐efficacy as a mediator between catastrophizing and physical functioning: treatment target selection in an osteoarthritis sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2010;33(3):239‐49. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 20177766] - PubMed
    1. McKnight PE, Kasle S, Going S, Villanueva I, Cornett M, Farr J, et al. A comparison of strength training, self‐management, and the combination for early osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Care and Research 2010;62(1):45‐53. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 20191490] - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Murphy SL, Strasburg DM, Lyden AK, Smith DM, Koliba JF, Dadabhoy DP, et al. Effects of activity strategy training on pain and physical activity in older adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2008;59(10):1480‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Nunez 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nunez M, Nunez E, Segur JM, Macule F, Quinto L, Hernandez MV, et al. The effect of an educational program to improve health‐related quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis on waiting list for total knee replacement: a randomized study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006;14(3):279‐85. - PubMed
Victor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Victor CR, Ross F, Axford J. Capturing lay perspectives in a randomized control trial of a health promotion intervention for people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2004;10(1):63‐70. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 14731152] - PubMed
    1. Victor CR, Triggs E, Ross F, Lord J, Axford JS. Lack of benefit of a primary care‐based nurse‐led education programme for people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Clinical Rheumatology 2005;24(4):358‐64. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 15937632] - PubMed
Wetzels 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wetzels R, Weel C, Grol R, Wensing M. Family practice nurses supporting self‐management in older patients with mild osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. BMC Family Practice 2008;9:7. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 18226255] - PMC - PubMed
Yip 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Yip Y, Sit JW, Wong DYS, Chong SYC, Chung L. A 1‐year follow‐up of an experimental study of a self‐management arthritis programme with an added exercise component of clients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Psychology, Health and Medicine 2008;13(4):402‐14. - PubMed
    1. Yip YB, Sit JW, Fung KK, Wong DY, Chong SY, Chung LH, et al. Effects of a self‐management arthritis programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2007;59(1):20‐8. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17559610] - PubMed
    1. Yip YB, Sit JW, Fung KK, Wong DY, Chong SY, Chung LH, et al. Impact of an arthritis self‐management programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee sufferers on improving pain, functional outcomes, and use of health care services: an experimental study. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;65(1):113‐21. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 17010554] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Barlow 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barlow JH, Turner AP, Wright CC. A randomized controlled study of the Arthritis Self‐Management Programme in the UK. Health Education Research 2000;15:665‐80. - PubMed
Bezalel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bezalel T, Carmeli E, Katz‐Leurer M. The effect of a group education programme on pain and function through knowledge acquisition and home‐based exercise among patients with knee osteoarthritis: a parallel randomised single‐blind clinical trial. Physiotherapy 2010;96:137‐43. - PubMed
Coleman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Coleman S. To compare the effectiveness of OAK self‐management program, delivered by health professionals, with the Arthritis Self‐Management Program (ASMP), delivered by trained lay leaders, as determined by improvements in pain, quality of life and physical function. World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.
    1. Coleman S, McQuade J, Rose J Inderjeeth C, Carroll G, Briffa NK. Self‐management for osteoarthritis of the knee: does mode of delivery influence outcome?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:56. - PMC - PubMed
Ehrlich‐Jones 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Ehrlich‐Jones LS. Self‐care behavior of African‐American elderly with arthritis. PhD/University of Illinois at Chicago, 2001.
Ettinger 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277:25‐31. - PubMed
Fernandes 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes L, Storheim K, Nordsletten L, et al. Effect of patient education and supervised exercise in patients with hip osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009;17:S170. - PubMed
Fernandes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes L, Storheim K, Sandvik L, Nordsletten L, Risberg MA. Efficacy of patient education and supervised exercise vs patient education alone in patients with hip osteoarthritis: a single blind randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010;18:1237‐43. - PubMed
Focht 2005 {published data only}
    1. Focht BC, Rejeski W, Ambrosius WT, Katula JA, Messier SP. Exercise, self‐efficacy, and mobility performance in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 2005;53:659‐65. - PubMed
Goeppinger 1989 {published data only}
    1. Goeppinger J, Arthur MW, Baglioni AJ Jr, Brunk SE, Brunner CM. A reexamination of the effectiveness of persons with arthritis of self‐care education. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1989;32(6):705‐16. - PubMed
Hoogeboom 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hoogeboom TJ, Stukstette MJPM, Bie RA, Cornelissen J, Broeder AA, Ende CH. Non‐pharmacological care for patients with generalized osteoarthritis: design of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:142. - PMC - PubMed
Laforest 2008 {published data only}
    1. Laforest S, Nour K, Gignac M, Gauvin L, Parisien M, Poirier MC. Short‐term effects of a self‐management intervention on health status of housebound older adults with arthritis. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2008;27:539‐67.
Laforest 2008a {published data only}
    1. Laforest S, Nour K, Parisien M, Poirier MC, Gignac M, Lankoande H. "I'm taking charge of my arthritis": designing a targeted self‐management program for frail seniors. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2008;26:45‐66.
Lindroth 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lindroth Y, Bauman A, Barnes C, McCredie M, Brooks PM. A controlled evaluation of arthritis education. British Journal of Rheumatology 1989;28:7‐12. - PubMed
Lorig 1985 {published data only}
    1. Lorig K, Lubeck D, Kraines RG, Seleznick M, Holman HR. Outcomes of self‐help education for patients with arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1985;28(6):680‐5. - PubMed
Lorig 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lorig K, Gonzalez VM, Laurent DD, Morgan L, Laris BA. Arthritis self‐management program variations: three studies. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11:448‐54. - PubMed
Lorig 1999a {published data only}
    1. Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL, Brown BW Jr, Bandura A, Ritter P, et al. Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self‐management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization. Medical Care 1999;37:5‐14. - PubMed
Lorig 1999b {published data only}
    1. Lorig K, Gonzalez VM, Ritter P. Community‐based Spanish language arthritis education program: a randomized trial. Medical Care 1999;37(9):957‐63. - PubMed
Lorig 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lorig K, Ritter PL, Plant K. A disease‐specific self‐help program compared with a generalized chronic disease self‐help program for arthritis patients. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005;53(6):950–7. - PubMed
Martire 2003a {published data only}
    1. Martire LM, Schulz R, Keefe FJ, Starz TW, Osial TA Jr, Dew MA, et al. Feasibility of a dyadic intervention for management of osteoarthritis: a pilot study with older patients and their spousal caregivers. Aging and Mental Health 2003;7:53‐60. - PubMed
Martire 2008 {published data only}
    1. Martire LM, Schulz R, Keefe FJ, Rudy TE, Starz TW. Couple‐oriented education and support intervention for osteoarthritis: effects on spouses' support and responses to patient pain. Families, Systems and Health: The Journal of Collaborative Family HealthCare 2008;26:185‐95. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Murphy SL, Lyden AK, Smith DM, Dong Q, Koliba JF. Effects of a tailored activity pacing intervention on pain and fatigue for adults with osteoarthritis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2010;64:869‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Nour 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nour K, Laforest S, Gauvin L, Gignac M. Behavior change following a self‐management intervention for housebound older adults with arthritis: an experimental study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006;3:12. - PMC - PubMed
Solomon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Solomon DH, Warsi A, Brown‐Stevenson T, Farrell M, Guathier S, Mikels D, et al. Does self‐management education benefit all populations with arthritis? A randomized controlled trial in a primary care physician network. The Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29:362‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Allen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Allen KD, Bosworth HB, Coffman C, Lindquist JH, Sperber NR, Weinberger M, et al. Effects of a telephone based osteoarthritis self‐management program on communication with health care providers. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2011;63(Suppl 10):1582.
Coleman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coleman S, Briffa NK, Carroll G, Inderjeeth C, Cook N, McQuade J. A randomised controlled trial of a self‐management education program for osteoarthritis of the knee delivered by health care professionals. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2012;14(1):R21. - PMC - PubMed
Hurley 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell H, Nicholas J, Patel A. Long‐term outcomes and costs of an integrated rehabilitation program for chronic knee pain: a pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Care and Research 2012;64(2):238‐47. - PubMed
Schlenk 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schlenk EA, Lias JL, Sereika SM, Dunbar‐Jacob J, Kwoh CK. Improving physical activity and function in overweight and obese older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a feasibility study. Rehabilitation Nursing 2011;36(1):32‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Somers 2012 {published data only}
    1. Huebner JL, Landerman LR, Somers TJ, Kraus VB, Guilak F, Blumenthal JA, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers of OA, IL‐6 and leptin are modifiable in overweight/obese OA patients with a protocol that combines training in pain coping skills and weight management. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012;20:S38.
    1. Somers TJ, Blumenthal JA, Guilak F, Kraus VB, Schmitt DO, Babyak MA, et al. Pain coping skills training and lifestyle behavioral weight management in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study. Pain 2012;153(6):1199‐209. - PMC - PubMed
Stukstette 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stukstette MJ, Dekker J, Broeder AA, Laan WN, Bijlsma JWJ, Ende CHM. A multidisciplinary and multidimensional program for hand osteoarthritis is not effective: results of a randomized controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2011;63(Suppl 10):1570.
Von Korff 2012 {published data only}
    1. Korf M, Vitiello MV, McCurry SM, Balderson BH, Moore AL, Baker LD, et al. Group interventions for co‐morbid insomnia and osteoarthritis pain in primary care: the lifestyles cluster randomized trial design. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(4):759‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kao MJ, Wu MP, Tsai MW, Chang WW, Wu SF. The effectiveness of a self‐management program on quality of life for knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2012;54(2):317‐24. - PubMed
    1. Wu SF, Kao MJ, Wu MP, Tsai MW, Chang WW. Effects of an osteoarthritis self‐management programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011;67(7):1491‐501. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Allen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Allen KD, Bosworth HB, Brock DS, Chapman JG, Chatterjee R, Coffman CJ, et al. Patient and provider interventions for managing osteoarthritis in primary care: protocols for two randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2012;13:60. - PMC - PubMed
Bennell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bennell KL, Ahamed Y, Bryant C, Jull G, Hunt MA, Kenardy J, et al. A physiotherapist‐delivered integrated exercise and pain coping skills training intervention for individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2012;13:129. - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

ABS 2004
    1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Musculoskeletal conditions in Australia: a snapshot. Commonwealth Government of Australia, 2004.
Bambas 2004
    1. Bambas L, Mahmood Q. Global Equity Gauge Alliance. Course reader: Health equity? Research to action. Cape Town: School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, 2004. www.gega.org.za/download/ResearchtoAction04.pdf (accessed 21 January 2006).
Bandura 1977
    1. Bandura A. Self‐efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behaviour change. Psychology Review 1977;2:191‐215. - PubMed
Borkhoff 2011
    1. Borkhoff CM, Wieland ML, Myasoedova E, Ahmad Z, Welch V, Hawker GA, et al. Reaching those most in need: a scoping review of interventions to improve health care quality for disadvantaged populations with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 2011;63(1):39‐52. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.20349] - DOI - PubMed
Brady 1997
    1. Brady TJ. Do common arthritis self‐efficacy measures really measure self‐efficacy?. Arthritis Care and Research 1997;10(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Brady 2011
    1. Brady, TJ. Measures of self‐efficacy: Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale (ASES), Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale‐8 Item (ASES‐8), Children's Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale (CASE), Chronic Disease Self‐Efficacy Scale (CDSES), Parent's Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale (PASE), and Rheumatoid Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale (RASE). Arthritis Care and Research 2011;63(S11):S473‐85. - PubMed
Cadhilac 2011
    1. Cadilhac DA, Hoffmann S, Kilkenny M, Lindley R, Lalor E, Osborne RH, Batterbsy M. A phase II multicentered, single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial of the stroke self‐management program. Stroke 2011;42(6):1673‐9. - PubMed
Carnes 2012
    1. Carnes D, Homer KE, Miles CL, Pincus T, Underwood M, Rahman A, Taylor SJC. Effective delivery styles and content for self‐management interventions for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic literature review. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012;28:344–54. - PubMed
Cates 2008 [Computer program]
    1. Cates C. Visual Rx 2.0 NNT Calculator, 2008. www.nntonline.net, Accessed on 1st of February 2013.
Chodosh 2005
    1. Chodosh J, Morton SC, Mojica W, Maglione M, Suttorp MJ, Hilton L, et al. Meta‐analysis: chronic disease self‐management programs for older adults. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005; Vol. 143, issue 6:427‐38. - PubMed
Committee on Health Literacy 2004
    1. Committee on Health Literacy. In: Nielson‐Bohlman L, Panzer A, Hamlin B, Kindig D editor(s). Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004. - PubMed
Commonwealth of Aus 2009
    1. Commonwealth of Australia. A Healthier Future for All Australians—Final Report of the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission. ACT: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. - PubMed
Deakin 2005
    1. Deakin TA, McShane CE, Cade JE, Williams R. Group‐based training for self‐management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003417.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
DeAngelis 2004
    1. DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, Hoey J, Horton R, et al. Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA. 2004/09/10 2004; Vol. 292, issue 11:1363‐4. [1538‐3598: (Electronic)] - PubMed
Deeks 2011
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Devos‐Comby 2006
    1. Devos‐Comby L, Cronan T, Roesch SC. Do exercise and self‐management interventions benefit patients with osteoarthritis of the knee? A metaanalytic review. Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33(4):744‐56. - PubMed
Du 2011
    1. Du S, Yuan C, Xiao X, Chu J, Qiu Y, Qian H. Self‐management programs for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;85:e299‐e310. - PubMed
Effing 2007
    1. Effing T, Monninkhof EEM, Valk PP, Zielhuis GGA, Walters EH, Palen JJ, et al. Self‐management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002990.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Ferreira 2011
    1. Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Barrett B, Ostelo R, Grotle M, et al. Consumers’ perceptions of the smallest worthwhile effect of interventions for non‐specific low back pain. World Confederation of Physical Therapists 2011;97:eS479.
Foster 2009
    1. Foster G, Taylor SJC, Eldridge S, Ramsay J, Griffiths CJ. Self‐management education programmes by lay leaders for people with chronic conditions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005108.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Francis 2009
    1. Francis KL, Matthews BL, Mechelen W, Bennell KL, Osborne RH. Effectiveness of a community‐based osteoporosis education and self‐management course: a wait list controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(9):1563‐70. - PubMed
Furler 2011
    1. Furler J, Harris M, Rogers A. Equity and long‐term condition self‐management. Chronic Illness 2011;7:3‐5. [DOI: 10.1177/1742395310386978] - DOI - PubMed
Geisser 1994
    1. Geisser ME, Robinson ME, Henson CD. The coping strategies questionnaire and chronic pain adjustment: a conceptual and empirical reanalysis. Clinical Journal of Pain 1994;10:98‐106. - PubMed
Gibson 2002
    1. Gibson PG, Powell H, Wilson A, Abramson MJ, Haywood P, Bauman A, et al. Self‐management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001117] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Greenhalgh 2009
    1. Greenhalgh T. Chronic illness: beyond the expert patient. British Medical Journal 2009;338(7695):629‐31. - PubMed
Hall 2010
    1. Hall AM, Ferreira PH, Maher CG, Latimer J, Ferreira ML. The influence of the therapist‐patient relationship on treatment outcome in physical rehabilitation: a systematic review. Physical Therapy 2010;90:1099‐110. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ. 2003/09/06 2003; Vol. 327, issue 7414:557‐60. [1468‐5833: (Electronic)] - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hirano 1994
    1. Hirano PC, Laurent DD, Lorig K. Arthritis patient education studies, 1987‐1991: a review of the literature. Patient Education and Counseling 1994;24(1):9‐54. - PubMed
Irachabal 2008
    1. Irachabal S, et al. Pain coping strategies: French adaptation of the coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ‐F). Encephale 2008;34:47‐53. - PubMed
Jüni 2006
    1. Jüni P, Reichenbach S, Dieppe P. Osteoarthritis: rational approach to treating the individual. Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology 2006; Vol. 20, issue 4:721‐40. - PubMed
Kirkham 2010
    1. Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, Williamson PR. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ. 2010/02/17 2010; Vol. 340:c365. [1468‐5833: (Electronic)] - PubMed
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Lorig 1987
    1. Lorig K, Konkol L, Gonzalez V. Arthritis patient education: a review of the literature. Patient Education and Counseling 1987;10(3):207‐52. - PubMed
Lorig 1989
    1. Lorig K, Chastain RL, Ung E, Shoor S, Holman HR. Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self‐efficacy in people with arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1989;32(1):37‐44. - PubMed
Lorig 2003
    1. Lorig KR, Holman HR. Self‐management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003;26(1):1‐7. - PubMed
March 2004
    1. March LM, Bagga H. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;180(5 Suppl):6‐10. - PubMed
March 2010
    1. March L, Amatya B, Osborne RH, Brand C. Developing a minimum standard of care for treating people with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology 2010; Vol. 24, issue 1:121‐45. - PubMed
Miles 2011
    1. Miles CL, Pincus T, Carnes D, Homer KE, Taylor SJC, Bremner SA, et al. Can we identify how programmes aimed at promoting self‐management in musculoskeletal pain work and who benefits? A systematic review of sub‐group analysis within RCTs. European Journal of Pain 2011;15(8):775.e1–1. - PubMed
Moore 2010
    1. Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, Wiffen P, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. Evidence in chronic pain‐establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain 2010;150(3):386‐9. - PubMed
Nolte 2007
    1. Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Sinclair AJ, Osborne RH. The extent and breadth of benefits from participating in chronic disease self‐management courses: a national patient‐reported outcomes survey. Patient Education and Counseling. 2006/10/10 2007; Vol. 65, issue 3:351‐60. - PubMed
Nolte 2009
    1. Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Sinclair AJ, Osborne RH. Tests of measurement invariance failed to support the application of the "then‐test". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2009/07/15 2009; Vol. 62, issue 11:1173‐80. - PubMed
Osborne 2004
    1. Osborne RH, Spinks JM, Wicks IP. Patient education and self‐management programs in arthritis. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;180(5 Suppl):23‐6. - PubMed
Osborne 2007
    1. Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Whitfield K. The Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ): an outcomes and evaluation measure for patient education and self‐management interventions for people with chronic conditions. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;66(2):192‐201. - PubMed
Osborne 2011
    1. Osborne RH, Batterham R, Livingston J. The quality, impact and implementation of chronic disease self management across settings: the international experience of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) quality monitoring system. Nursing Clinics of North America 2011;46(2):255‐70. - PubMed
Osborne 2013
    1. Osborne RH, Batterham RW, Elsworth GR, Hawkins M, Buchbinder R. The grounded theory, psychometric development and initial validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). BMC Public Health 2013;13:658. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-658] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Packer 2012
    1. Packer TL, Boldy D, Ghahari S, Melling L, Parsons R, Osborne RH. Self‐management programs conducted within a practice setting: who participates, who benefits and what can be learned?. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;87(1):93‐100. - PubMed
Pinto 2012
    1. Pinto RZ, Ferreira ML, Oliveira VC, Franco MR, Adams R, Maher CG, Ferreira PH. Patient‐centred communication is associated with positive therapeutic alliance: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 2012;58:77‐87. - PubMed
Pitt 2011
    1. Pitt V, O'Connor D, French SD, Osborne RH, Buchbinder R. Self‐management education programmes for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008963] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Robinson 1997
    1. Robinson ME, Myers CD, Sadler IJ, Riley JL 3rd, Kvaal SA, Geisser ME. Bias effects in three common self‐report pain assessment measures. Clinical Journal of Pain 1997;13(1):74‐81. - PubMed
Rosentiel 1983
    1. Rosentiel AK, Keefe FJ. The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 1983;17(1):33‐44. - PubMed
Rutjes 2009
    1. Rutjes AWS, Nüesch E, Sterchi R, Kalichman L, Hendriks E, Osiri M, et al. Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002823.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schünemann 2011a
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and Summary of findings tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Schünemann 2011b
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Smith 2009
    1. Smith C, Kumar S, Pelling N. The effectiveness of self‐management educational interventions for osteoarthritis of the knee. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews 2009;7:1089‐116. - PubMed
Snijders 2011
    1. Snijders GF. Fatigue in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the role of pain and physical function. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:1894‐900. - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D (editors). Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Steward 2001
    1. Steward MW, Harvey ST, Evans IM. Coping and catastrophizing in chronic pain: a psychometric analysis and comparison of two measures. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001;57:131‐8. - PubMed
Superio‐Cabuslay 1996
    1. Superio‐Cabuslay E, Ward MM, Lorig KR. Patient education interventions in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a meta‐analytic comparison with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment. Arthritis Care and Research 1996;9(4):292‐301. - PubMed
United Nations Economic and Social Council 2010
    1. United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Health literacy and the Millennium Development Goals: United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) regional meeting background paper (abstracted). Journal of Health Communication in Healthcare 2010;15(Suppl 2):211‐23. - PubMed
Verra 2006
    1. Verra ML, Angst F, Lehmann S, Aeschlimann A. Translation, cross‐cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the German version of the coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ‐D). Journal of Pain 2006;7:327‐36. - PubMed
Von Korff 1997
    1. Korff M, Gruman J, Schaefer J, Curry SJ, Wagner EH. Collaborative management of chronic illness. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127(12):1097‐102. - PubMed
Walker 2003
    1. Walker C, Swerissen H, Belfrage J. Self‐management: its place in the management of chronic illnesses. Australian Health Review 2003;26(2):34‐42. - PubMed
Walsh 2006
    1. Walsh NE, Mitchell HL, Reeves BC, Hurley MV. Integrated exercise and self‐management programmes in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a systematic review of effectiveness. Physical Therapy Reviews 2006;11(4):289‐97.
Wanitkun 2011
    1. Wanitkun N, Batterham R, Vichathai C, Leetongin G, Osborne RH. Building equity in chronic disease management in Thailand: a whole‐system provincial trial of systematic, pro‐active chronic illness care. Chronic Illness 2011;7(1):31‐44. - PubMed
Warsi 2003
    1. Warsi A, LaValley MP, Wang PS, Avorn J, Solomon DH. Arthritis self‐management education programs: a meta‐analysis of the effect on pain and disability. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;48(8):2207‐13. - PubMed
Wolfe 1999
    1. Wolfe F. Determinants of WOMAC function, pain and stiffness scores: evidence for the role of low back pain, symptom counts, fatigue and depression in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Rheumatology 1999;38:355‐61. - PubMed
Woolf 2003
    1. Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81:646‐56. - PMC - PubMed
World Health Organization 1998
    1. World Health Organization. Health Promotion Glossary. Health Promotion International 1998;13(4):349‐64.
Zhang 2007
    1. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part I: Critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidence. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007; Vol. 15, issue 9:981‐1000. - PubMed