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Review
. 2013 Dec 29:2013:125385.
doi: 10.1155/2013/125385. eCollection 2013.

Current status on biochemistry and molecular biology of microbial degradation of nicotine

Raman Gurusamy  1 , Sakthivel Natarajan  1
Affiliations
Review

Current status on biochemistry and molecular biology of microbial degradation of nicotine

Raman Gurusamy et al. ScientificWorldJournal. .

Abstract

Bioremediation is one of the most promising methods to clean up polluted environments using highly efficient potent microbes. Microbes with specific enzymes and biochemical pathways are capable of degrading the tobacco alkaloids including highly toxic heterocyclic compound, nicotine. After the metabolic conversion, these nicotinophilic microbes use nicotine as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source for their growth. Various nicotine degradation pathways such as demethylation pathway in fungi, pyridine pathway in Gram-positive bacteria, pyrrolidine pathway, and variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways in Gram-negative bacteria have been reported. In this review, we discussed the nicotine-degrading pathways of microbes and their enzymes and biotechnological applications of nicotine intermediate metabolites.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The pyridine pathway of nicotine degradation by A. nicotinovorans and Nocardioides sp. NDH, nicotine dehydrogenase; 6-HLNO, 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase; 6HDNO, 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase; KO, ketone oxidase; KDH, ketone dehydrogenase; 2,6-DHPONH, 2-6-dihyroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase; 2,6-DHPH, 2,6-dihydroxypyridine-3-hydroxylase; MABO, γ-N-methylaminobutyrate oxidase; MAO, monoamine oxidase; AO, amine oxidase; FolD, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase; PurU, formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase; SsaDH, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Various pyrrolidine pathways of nicotine degradation followed by 1. Pseudomonas sp. HZN6 and P. putida S16; 2. Pseudomonas sp. HF-1; 3. Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 and Pseudomonas sp. Nic22; 4. Pseudomonas sp. HF-1, Pseudomonas sp. Nic22, and Pseudomonas sp. CS3; 5. Pseudomonas sp. CS3. NicA, nicotine oxidoreductase; PNAO, pseudooxynicotine amine oxidase; SAPD, 3-succinoylsemialdehyde pyridine dehydrogenase; HspA and HspB, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl pyridine hydroxylase.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A variant pyrrolidine pathway of nicotine biodegradation by P. plecoglossicida TND35.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway of nicotine degradation by A. tumefaciens S33. NDH, nicotine dehydrogenase; 6-HLNO, 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase; HSP hydroxylase, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl pyridine hydroxylase.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Demethylation pathway of nicotine degradation by fungi. 1. A. oryzae 11282; 2. M. gypseum, P. filamentosa JTS-208, and C. echinulata.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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