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Review
. 2014 Jan 21:5:1.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00001. eCollection 2014.

Apoptotic cell: linkage of inflammation and wound healing

Yu-Sheng Wu  1 , Shiu-Nan Chen  1
Affiliations
Review

Apoptotic cell: linkage of inflammation and wound healing

Yu-Sheng Wu et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

We consider that from the wound to the healing process, the physiology point key to linkage of the process is still unclear. The process from inflammation to the wound healing is divided into three phases: (1) inflammation process, (2) tissue formation, and (3) tissue remodeling. The inflammation program includes cell produced related factors and immune cells infiltration. We thought the inflammation factors that may be also involved in the followed healing process. But the question is "what kind of factor is the major key involved in the end of the inflammation then to initiate the healing." We suspect that the apoptosis of immune cell may be the major key to end of inflammation and to initiate the healing.

Keywords: apoptosis; cellular physiology; inflammation; wound healing; wound repair.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The process from inflammation to the wound healing is divided into three phases: (1) Inflammation process, (2) tissue formation, and (3) tissue remodeling. The important question, “what is the key linkage between the tissue formation and inflammation?”
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Apoptotic immune cell linkage wound healing. When tissues are damaged, inflammatory mediators are released. Where macrophages and become activated by various cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), that are released from neighboring inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, resident tissue macrophages, and T cells. In the end of the inflammation, we can observe the apoptosis of the immune cells and the apoptotic cells cleared by macrophages. We thought that clearance by macrophages of cells apoptosis is a key point phenomenon associated with actively tissue formation from wound inflammation. The apoptotic immune may drive the conversion of the immune response into a wound healing response, which is characterized by the accumulation of macrophages that promote wound healing and fibrosis through the production of MMPs (including MMP12, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMPs1), growth factors [including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)], and cytokines [such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)].
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