β-phenylethylamine, a small molecule with a large impact

Abstract

During a screen of bacterial nutrients as inhibitors of Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm, the Prüß research team made an intriguing observation: among 95 carbon and 95 nitrogen sources tested, β-phenylethylamine (PEA) performed best at reducing bacterial cell counts and biofilm amounts, when supplemented to liquid beef broth medium. This review article summarizes what is known about PEA. After some starting information on the chemistry of the molecule, we focus on PEA as a neurotransmitter and then move on to its role in food processing. PEA is a trace amine whose molecular mechanism of action differs from biogenic amines, such as serotonin or dopamine. Especially low or high concentrations of PEA may be associated with specific psychological disorders. For those disorders that are characterized by low PEA levels (e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), PEA has been suggested as a 'safe' alternative to drugs, such as amphetamine or methylphenidate, which are accompanied by many undesirable side effects. On the food processing end, PEA can be detected in food either as a result of microbial metabolism or thermal processing. PEA's presence in food can be used as an indicator of bacterial contamination.

Keywords: antimicrobial; neurotransmitter.

Illustration 3. Schematic of the inhibition of the dopamine and serotonin transporters by PEA, amphetamine, and methylphenidate

Panel A shows the normal action of release and re-uptake of the biogenic amines dopamine and serotonin. Panel B shows the modulation of the monoamine re-uptake transporters by PEA and amphetamine through TAAR, as well as the blockage of the dopamine transporter by methylphenidate. Serotonin , dopamine , serotonin receptor , dopamine receptor PEA , amphetamine , methylphenidate