Periodontal proteomics: wonders never cease!

Abstract

Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are integral components of the physiological metabolic pathways of cells. Periodontal tissues comprise multicompartmental groups of interacting cells and matrices that provide continuous support, attachment, proprioception, and physical protection for the teeth. The proteome map, that is, complete catalogue of the matrix and cellular proteins expressed in alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva, is to be explored for more in-depth understanding of periodontium. The ongoing research to understand the signalling pathways that allow cells to divide, differentiate, and die in controlled manner has brought us to the era of proteomics. Proteomics is defined as the study of all proteins including their relative abundance, distribution, posttranslational modifications, functions, and interactions with other macromolecules, in a given cell or organism within a given environment and at a specific stage in the cell cycle. Its application to periodontal science can be used to monitor health status, disease onset, treatment response, and outcome. Proteomics can offer answers to critical, unresolved questions such as the biological basis for the heterogeneity in gingival, alveolar bone, and cemental cell populations.

Figure 1

The major steps of separation to analysis of the fractionated proteins.

Figure 2

Role of host cells in periodontal inflammation.

Figure 3

(a) Classification of proteins into functional groups according to biologic function; (b) subcellular location of proteins.

Figure 4

Role of nitric oxide (NO) in periodontal inflammation.

Figure 5

Rationale for microbial analysis for periodontitis monitoring.