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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Feb 11;2014(2):CD009131.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009131.pub3.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis

Eija M Rosti-Otajärvi  1 , Päivi I Hämäläinen
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis

Eija M Rosti-Otajärvi et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This is an update of the Cochrane review 'Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis' (first published in The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 11).Cognitive deficits are a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) and have a significant effect on the patient's quality of life. Alleviation of the harmful effects caused by these deficits should be a major goal of MS research and practice.

Objectives: To assess the effects of neuropsychological/cognitive rehabilitation on health-related factors, such as cognitive performance and emotional well-being in patients with MS.

Search methods: The Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Group Trials Search Co-ordinator searched their Specialised Register which, among other sources, contains trials from CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 2), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro and clinical trials registries (28 May 2013). We contacted authors of the studies for additional information.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effects of neuropsychological rehabilitation in MS compared to other interventions or no intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors individually judged the eligibility of the included studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We combined results quantitatively in meta-analyses according to the intervention type: 1) cognitive training and 2) cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods.

Main results: Twenty studies (986 participants; 966 MS participants and 20 healthy controls) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the participants was 44.6 years, mean length of education was 12.3 years and 70% of the participants were women. Most of the participants had a relapsing-remitting course of disease. The mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 3.2 and the mean duration of disease was 14.0 years.On the basis of these studies, we found low-level evidence that neuropsychological rehabilitation reduces cognitive symptoms in MS. Cognitive training was found to improve memory span (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.88, P = 0.002) and working memory (SMD 0.33, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.57, P = 0.006). Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods was found to improve attention (SMD 0.15, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.28, P = 0.03), immediate verbal memory (SMD 0.31, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.54, P = 0.008) and delayed memory (SMD 0.22, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.42, P = 0.03). There was no evidence of an effect of neuropsychological rehabilitation on emotional functions.The overall quality, as well as the comparability of the included studies, was relatively low due to methodological limitations and heterogeneity of interventions and outcome measures. Although most of the pooled results in the meta-analyses yielded no significant findings, 18 of the 20 studies showed some evidence of positive effects when the studies were individually analysed.

Authors' conclusions: This review found low-level evidence for positive effects of neuropsychological rehabilitation in MS. The interventions and outcome measures included in the review were heterogeneous, which limited the comparability of the studies. New trials may therefore change the strength and direction of the evidence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Both authors (ER and PH) acted as authors of one of the included studies (Mäntynen 2013).

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of the study selection process. Filippi 2012, Mattioli 2012a, and Vogt 2009 were related studies, so 17 were included in analyses and 3 were related studies (not included in analyses).
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive training versus any control, outcome: 1.1 Attention.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, outcome: 3.1 Attention.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), outcome: 4.1 Attention.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 1 Attention.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 2 Information processing speed.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 3 Memory span.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 4 Working memory.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 5 Immediate verbal memory.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 6 Immediate visual memory.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 7 Delayed memory.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 8 Executive functions.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 9 Verbal functions.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 10 Depression.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 11 Quality of life.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 12 Fatigue.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive training versus any control, Outcome 13 Anxiety.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 1 Attention.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 2 Immediate verbal memory.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 3 Immediate visual memory.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 4 Delayed memory.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 5 Verbal functions.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 6 Depression.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive training versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 7 Quality of life.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 1 Attention.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 2 Information processing speed.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 3 Memory span.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 4 Working memory.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 5 Immediate verbal memory.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 6 Immediate visual memory.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 7 Delayed memory.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 8 Executive functions.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 9 Visual functions.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 10 Verbal functions.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 11 Everyday cognitive performance/patient's report.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 12 Everyday cognitive performance/carer's report.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 13 Depression.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 14 Quality of life.
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 15 Fatigue.
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 16 Anxiety.
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control, Outcome 17 Impact of the disease.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 1 Attention.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 2 Information processing speed.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 3 Working memory.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 4 Immediate verbal memory.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 5 Immediate visual memory.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 6 Delayed memory.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 7 Executive functions.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 8 Visual functions.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 9 Verbal functions.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 10 Everyday cognitive performance/patient's report.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 11 Everyday cognitive performance/carer's report.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 12 Depression.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 13 Quality of life.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 14 Fatigue.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 15 Anxiety.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods versus any control (longitudinal follow‐up), Outcome 16 Impact of the disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Allen 1995 {published data only}
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Brochet 2013 {published data only}
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