Revisiting p53 for cancer-specific chemo- and radiotherapy: ten years after

Abstract

Despite intense studies, highly effective therapeutic strategies against cancer have not yet been fully exploited, because few true cancer-specific targets have been identified. Most modalities, perhaps with the exception of radiation therapy, target proliferating cells, which are also abundant in normal tissues. Thus, most current cancer treatments have significant side effects. More than 10 years ago, the tumor suppressor p53 was first explored as a cancer-specific target. At the time, the approach was to introduce a normal p53 gene into mutant p53 (mp53) tumor cells to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, this strategy did not hold up and mostly failed in subsequent clinical studies. Recent research developments have now returned p53 to the limelight. Several studies have reported that mutant or null p53 tumor cells undergo apoptosis more easily than genetically matched, normal p53 counterparts when inhibiting a specific stress kinase in combination with standard chemotherapy or when exposed to an ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitor and radiation, thus achieving true cancer specificity in animal tumor models. This short review highlights several of these recent studies, discusses possible mechanism(s) for mp53-mediated "synthetic lethality," and the implications for cancer therapy.

Keywords: ATM; DNA damage response; DNA repair; MAPKAP kinase 2; p38.

Figure 1. Possible mechanism(s) of ATM inhibitor-mediated mp53 radiosensitization. See text for explanation. For simplicity, focus is on ATM signaling nodes. Abbreviations: ATMi, ATM kinase inhibitor; IR, ionizing radiation; MK2i, MK2 inhibitor; p38i, p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. Arrows denote activation and “T”s dephosphorylation/inhibition. Shapes outlined in red denote phosphorylation events. Adapted from references and .