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Review
. 2013 Nov;9(4):340-52.
doi: 10.2174/1573403x10666140214122633.

Cardioembolic stroke diagnosis using blood biomarkers

Victor Llombart, Teresa Garcia-Berrocoso, Alejandro Bustamante, Israel Fernandez-Cadenas, Joan Montaner  1
Affiliations
Review

Cardioembolic stroke diagnosis using blood biomarkers

Victor Llombart et al. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013 Nov.

Abstract

Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Cardioembolic etiology accounts for approximately one fifth of all ischemic strokes whereas 25-30% remains undetermined even after an advanced diagnostic workup. Despite there is not any biomarker currently approved to distinguish cardioembolic stroke among other etiologies in clinical practice the use of biomarkers represents a promising valuable complement to determine stroke etiology reducing the number of cryptogenic strokes and aiding in the prescription of the most appropriated primary and secondary treatments in order to minimize therapeutic risks and to avoid recurrences. In this review we present an update about specific cardioembolic stroke-related biomarkers at a protein, transcriptomic and genetic level. Finally, we also focused on reported biomarkers associated with atrial fibrillation (a cardiac illness strongly related with cardioembolic stroke subtype) thus with a potential to become biomarkers to detect cardioembolic stroke in the future.

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Figures

Fig. (1)
Fig. (1)
Most relevant biomarkers grouped by specific pathophysiologies related to the three main stroke etiologies. Molecules in brackets have been identified in patients with AF, strongly related with cardioembolic stroke. BNP: b-type natriuretic peptide; CK-MB: creatine kinase isoform MB; CRP: C reactive protein; FDP: fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products; FMC: fibrin monomer complex; IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL-6: interleukin 6; oxLDL: oxidized low denisity lipoprotein; PDMP: plateled derived microparticles; ProANP: pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; RBP4: retinol binding protein; SF: soluble fibrin; sGPVI: soluble glycoprotein VI; sRAGE: soluble advanced glycation end products receptor ; TAT: thrombin-antithrombin complex; TFPI: tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TM: thrombomodulin; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha; TNFSF14: tumour necrosis factor family member 14; vWF: von Willebrand factor.
Fig. (2)
Fig. (2)
Illustration of the cardioembolic stroke pathophysiology and different areas represented by the biomarkers presented in the review.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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