[Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of pain therapy in neonates: Austrian interdisciplinary recommendations on pediatric perioperative pain management]

Abstract

The false assumption that neonates are less sensitive to pain than adults led to a long delay in the introduction of a reasonable pain therapy for children. Even if the basic principles of the development, transmission and perception of pain in premature infants and neonates are not completely understood, the results of studies have clearly shown that pain can be perceived from 22 weeks of gestation onwards. This knowledge results in the necessity to also administer an adequate pain therapy to premature and newly born infants. However, for the use of pharmaceuticals in neonates and infants the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics must also be considered. The immaturity of the organs liver and kidneys limits the metabolism and also excretion processes. The different physical proportions also modify the dosing of pharmaceuticals. Children in the first year of life differ substantially from adults in physiology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The care of neonates and infants requires specialist knowledge which is described in this article.