The Contribution of Health Care and Other Interventions to Black-White Disparities in Life Expectancy, 1980-2007

Abstract

Black-white mortality disparities remain sizable in the United States. In this study, we use the concept of avoidable/amenable mortality to estimate cause-of-death contributions to the difference in life expectancy between whites and blacks by gender in the United States in 1980, 1993, and 2007. We begin with a review of the concept of "avoidable mortality" and results of prior studies using this cause-of-death classification. We then present the results of our empirical analyses. We classified causes of death as amenable to medical care, sensitive to public health policies and health behaviors, ischemic heart disease, suicide, HIV/AIDS, and all other causes combined. We used vital statistics data on deaths and Census Bureau population estimates and standard demographic decomposition techniques. In 2007, causes of death amenable to medical care continued to account for close to 2 years of the racial difference in life expectancy among men (2.08) and women (1.85). Causes amenable to public health interventions made a larger contribution to the racial difference in life expectancy among men (1.17 years) than women (0.08 years). The contribution of HIV/AIDS substantially widened the racial difference among both men (1.08 years) and women (0.42 years) in 1993, but its contribution declined over time. Despite progress observed over the time period studied, a substantial portion of black-white disparities in mortality could be reduced given more equitable access to medical care and health interventions.

Keywords: Amenable mortality; Demographic methods; Health Care; Health disparities; Life expectancy; Race.

Fig. 1

Cause-specific contributions to the difference in life expectancy between whites and blacks at birth by sex, 1980, 1993, and 2007 and to change in this difference between 1980–1993 and 1993–2007 (years). Source See Table 1. A positive (negative) value indicates that the cause of death contributed to an increase (decrease) in B–W difference in life expectancy at a given point in time or between two time points