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Abstract

Background: Wheezing phenotypes in young children have usually been described on the basis of questionnaire surveys instead of prospectively doctor-diagnosed episodes, and have never been described in terms of incidence rates.

Aims: To identify wheezing phenotypes in the first three years and describe their incidence trends, and to investigate their relationship with asthma at six years of age.

Methods: Doctor-diagnosed wheezing episodes in the first 36 months and active asthma at six years were identified in a historical cohort of 3,739 children followed from birth in 29 primary care health centres in Spain. Wheezing phenotypes were identified by means of latent class analysis. Changes in incidence rates of wheezing were identified through joinpoint regression models and their predictive ability for asthma was analysed.

Results: One never/infrequent wheeze phenotype and three wheezing phenotypes were identified. There were two early phenotypes which started wheezing at a median age of six months, one of which was transient while the other had a heavy recurrence of episodes. A third phenotype exhibited a delayed onset of wheezing, a constant rise in incidence through the first 36 months, and a relationship with allergic asthma. These three phenotypes had a higher prevalence of active asthma at six years than the never/infrequent wheeze phenotype, but the classification had a weak predictive ability for asthma due to low sensitivity.

Conclusions: The use of incidence rates contributes to the clarification of the natural history of infant wheezing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in relation to this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Probability of wheeze in each three-month period from birth to 36 months in the never/infrequent (square marker, bold continuous line), late (circle marker, bold broken line), transient (circle marker, light continuous line), and persistent (square marker, light broken line) wheezing classes
Figure 2
Figure 2. Joinpoint regression lines: incidence rates per 1,000 person-months for each wheezing class: never/ infrequent wheezing (bold continuous line), late wheezing (bold broken line), transient wheezing (light continuous line), and persistent wheezing (light broken line.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves for time to the first wheezing episode in the never/infrequent (bold continuous line), late wheezing (bold broken line), transient wheezing (light continuous line), and persistent wheezing (light broken line) classes
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