Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014:2014:364146.
doi: 10.1155/2014/364146. Epub 2014 Jan 22.

Histopathological Changes of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands in HIV-Infected Patients

Rabia Cherqaoui  1 , K M Mohamed Shakir  2 , Babak Shokrani  3 , Sujay Madduri  4 , Faria Farhat  5 , Vinod Mody  5
Affiliations

Histopathological Changes of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands in HIV-Infected Patients

Rabia Cherqaoui et al. J Thyroid Res. 2014.

Abstract

Objective. To study histopathology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in HIV-infected African Americans in the United States. Methods. A retrospective review of 102 autopsy cases done by the Department of Pathology at Howard University Hospital from 1980 through 2007 was conducted. The histopathological findings of the thyroid and parathyroid glands were reviewed, both macroscopically and microscopically. A control group of autopsy patients with chronic non-HIV diseases was examined. Results. There were 71 males (70%) and 31 females (30%) with an average age of 38 years (range: 20-71 y). Thirteen patients with abnormal thyroid findings were identified. Interstitial fibrosis was the most common histological finding (4.9%), followed by thyroid hyperplasia (1.9%). Infectious disease affecting the thyroid gland was limited to 2.9% and consisted of mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and cytomegalovirus. Kaposi sarcoma of the thyroid gland was present in only one case (0.9%). Parathyroid hyperplasia was the most common histological change noted in the parathyroid glands. Comparing the histological findings of cases and controls, we found a similar involvement of the thyroid, with a greater prevalence of parathyroid hyperplasia in HIV patients. Conclusion. Thyroid and parathyroid abnormalities are uncommon findings in the HIV-infected African American population.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Microscopic section of the thyroid showing fibrosis of the interstitium (H&E, 400x).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Microscopic section of the thyroid gland, (H&E) showing Cryptococcus with variation in size (400x).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Microscopic section of the thyroid gland, (H&E) showing Cryptococcus (600x).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Microscopic section of the thyroid gland, mucin stain highlights yeast with thick capsule (400x).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Microscopic section of the thyroid gland, mucin stain demonstrating thick capsule, and pleomorphic yeasts (1000x).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Microscopic section of the parathyroid gland showing Cryptococcus (yellow arrow). H&E (1000x).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Microscopic section of the parathyroid gland, silver stain highlighting Cryptococcus with occasional narrow based budding (1000x).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Danoff A. HIV and the thyroid—what every practicing endocrinologist needs to know. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;2(11):602–603. - PubMed
    1. Samaras K. Metabolic consequences and therapeutic options in highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008;61(2):238–245. - PubMed
    1. Sellmeyer DE, Grunfeld C. Endocrine and metabolic disturbances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Endocrine Reviews. 1996;17(5):518–532. - PubMed
    1. Beltran S, Lescure F, Desailloud R, et al. Increased prevalence of hypothyroidism among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a need for screening. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2003;37(4):579–583. - PubMed
    1. Kuehn EW, Anders HJ, Bogner JR, Obermaier J, Goebel FD, Schlöndorff D. Hypocalcaemia in HIV infection and AIDS. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999;245(1):69–73. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources