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Review
. 2014 Mar;31(1):3-8.
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1363837.

Epidemiology and staging of renal cell carcinoma

Carole A Ridge  1 , Bradley B Pua  2 , David C Madoff  2
Affiliations
Review

Epidemiology and staging of renal cell carcinoma

Carole A Ridge et al. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014 Mar.

Abstract

Incidence and mortality trends attributed to kidney cancer exhibit marked regional variability, likely related to demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. Efforts to identify reversible factors, which lead to the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), have led not only to a greater understanding of the etiology of RCC but also the genetic and histologic characteristics of renal tumors. This article describes this evolution by discussing contemporary RCC incidence and mortality data, the risk factors for development of RCC, the histologic features, and anatomic and integrated staging systems that guide treatment.

Keywords: epidemiology and staging; incidence; kidney cancer; mortality; renal cell carcinoma; risk factors.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Axial contrast-enhanced computed tomography of a left clear cell renal cell carcinoma (arrow) measuring 3.7 cm in maximal dimension indicating a T stage of T1a.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Axial computed tomography without intravenous contrast demonstrating a left clear cell renal cell carcinoma measuring 5.2 cm with renal sinus fat invasion (arrow) indicating a T stage of T3a.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Axial contrast-enhanced computed tomography of a right clear cell renal cell carcinoma (arrow) measuring 7.5 cm in maximal dimension without extrarenal extension indicating a T stage of T2a.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Axial contrast-enhanced computed tomography of a left medullary renal cell carcinoma in a patient with sickle trait. The tumor is multifocal, with invasion of the main left renal vein (white arrow) and extension outside Gerota fascia (hollow arrow) indicating a T stage of T4.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of a large left chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with direct involvement of the left adrenal gland and extension beyond Gerota fascia (arrow) consistent with a T stage of T4.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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