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. 2014 Mar 6:15:42.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-42.

Burden and predictors of hypertension in India: results of SEEK (Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease) study

Youssef M K Farag, Bharati V Mittal, Sai Ram Keithi-Reddy, Vidya N Acharya, Alan F Almeida, Anil C, H S Ballal, P Gaccione, R Issacs, Sanjiv Jasuja, A L Kirpalani, V Kher, G K Modi, Georgy Nainan, Jai Prakash, Mohan M Rajapurkar, D S Rana, Rajanna Sreedhara, D K Sinha, Bharat V Shah, Sham Sunder, Raj Kumar Sharma, Sridevi Seetharam, Tatapudi Ravi Raju, Ajay K Singh  1
Affiliations

Burden and predictors of hypertension in India: results of SEEK (Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease) study

Youssef M K Farag et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to investigate the burden and predictors of HTN in India.

Methods: 6120 subjects participated in the Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney disease (SEEK), a community-based screening program in 53 camps in 13 representative geographic locations in India. Of these, 5929 had recorded blood pressure (BP) measurements. Potential predictors of HTN were collected using a structured questionnaire for SEEK study.

Results: HTN was observed in 43.5% of our cohort. After adjusting for center variation (p < 0.0001), predictors of a higher prevalence of HTN were older age ≥ 40 years (p < 0.0001), BMI of ≥ 23 Kg/M2 (p < 0.0004), larger waist circumference (p < 0.0001), working in sedentary occupation (p < 0.0001), having diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001), having proteinuria (p < 0.0016), and increased serum creatinine (p < 0.0001). High school/some college education (p = 0.0016), versus less than 9th grade education, was related with lower prevalence of HTN. Of note, proteinuria and CKD were observed in 19% and 23.5% of HTN subjects. About half (54%) of the hypertensive subjects were aware of their hypertension status.

Conclusions: HTN was common in this cohort from India. Older age, BMI ≥ 23 Kg/M2, waist circumference, sedentary occupation, education less, diabetes mellitus, presence of proteinuria, and raised serum creatinine were significant predictors of hypertension. Our data suggest that HTN is a major public health problem in India with low awareness, and requires aggressive community-based screening and education to improve health.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prevalence of Hypertension by Subgroups. a) Prevalence of HTN by age and gender. b) Prevalence of HTN among lean/ normal, overweight and obese subjects as defined by Asian cutoff. c) Risk of HTN among males and females with abdominal obesity as defined by Asian cutoff.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of hypertension by center.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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