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Review
. 2014 Jun;15(6):504-15.
doi: 10.1111/obr.12157. Epub 2014 Mar 24.

Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

J A Bell  1 , M Kivimaki, M Hamer
Affiliations
Free PMC article
Review

Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

J A Bell et al. Obes Rev. 2014 Jun.
Free PMC article

Abstract

The risk of type 2 diabetes among obese adults who are metabolically healthy has not been established. We systematically searched Medline (1946-August 2013) and Embase (1947-August 2013) for prospective studies of type 2 diabetes incidence (defined by blood glucose levels or self-report) among metabolically healthy obese adults (defined by body mass index [BMI] and normal cardiometabolic clustering, insulin profile or risk score) aged ≥18 years at baseline. We supplemented the analysis with an original effect estimate from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), with metabolically healthy obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2) and <2 of hypertension, impaired glycaemic control, systemic inflammation, adverse high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse triglycerides. Estimates from seven published studies and ELSA were pooled using random effects meta-analyses (1,770 healthy obese participants; 98 type 2 diabetes cases). The pooled adjusted relative risk (RR) for incident type 2 diabetes was 4.03 (95% confidence interval = 2.66-6.09) in healthy obese adults and 8.93 (6.86-11.62) in unhealthy obese compared with healthy normal-weight adults. Although there was between-study heterogeneity in the size of effects (I(2) = 49.8%; P = 0.03), RR for healthy obesity exceeded one in every study, indicating a consistently increased risk across study populations. Metabolically healthy obese adults show a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with metabolically healthy normal-weight adults. Prospective evidence does not indicate that healthy obesity is a harmless condition.

Keywords: Metabolic health; obesity; type 2 diabetes.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Outline of the systematic study selection process for the meta-analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Metabolically healthy obesity and adjusted relative risk (RR) of incident type 2 diabetes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Metabolically unhealthy obesity and adjusted relative risk (RR) of incident type 2 diabetes. Note: Analysis excludes Hwang et al. (2012) (34) as authors considered metabolically healthy participants at baseline only.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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