Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 Jan 28;28(3):355-64.
doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000072.

Biomarkers and neurodevelopment in perinatally HIV-infected or exposed youth: a structural equation model analysis

Suad Kapetanovic  1 , Ray Griner, Bret Zeldow, Sharon Nichols, Erin Leister, Harris A Gelbard, Tracie L Miller, Rohan Hazra, Armando J Mendez, Kathleen Malee, Betsy Kammerer, Paige L Williams; Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Team
Affiliations

Biomarkers and neurodevelopment in perinatally HIV-infected or exposed youth: a structural equation model analysis

Suad Kapetanovic et al. AIDS. .

Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship between markers of vascular dysfunction and neurodevelopmental outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) and perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (PHEU) youth.

Design: Cross-sectional design within a prospective, 15-site US-based cohort study.

Methods: Neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated in relation to nine selected vascular biomarkers in 342 youth (212 PHIV+, 130 PHEU). Serum levels were assessed for adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), E-selectin (sE-selectin), monocyte chemoattractant protein (sMCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and P-selectin (sP-selectin). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) was administered at entry, yielding a Full-Scale IQ score, and four index scores. Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the biomarkers to fewer factors with related biological roles. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to measure associations between resulting factors and WISC-IV scores.

Results: Mean participant age was 11.4 years, 54% were female, 70% black. The nine biomarkers were clustered into three factor groups: F1 (fibrinogen, CRP, and IL-6); F2 (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1); and F3 (MCP-1, sP-selectin, and sE-selectin). Adiponectin showed little correlation with any factor. SEMs revealed significant negative association of F1 with WISC-IV processing speed score in the total cohort. This effect remained significant after adjusting for HIV status and other potential confounders. A similar association was observed when restricted to PHIV+ participants in both unadjusted and adjusted SEMs.

Conclusion: Aggregate measures of fibrinogen, CRP, and IL-6 may serve as a latent biomarker associated with relatively decreased processing speed in both PHIV+ and PHEU youth.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Structural equation models evaluating relationship between biomarkers factors and processing speed among 342 perinatally HIV-infected or perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected children included in the analysis
Model for the processing speed outcome in the total cohort adjusted for HIV status, caregiver income, and BMI z-score. Ovals represent latent, unobserved variables. Rectangles represent observed variables. Nonsignificant paths are marked with dashed lines.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Le Doaré K, Bland R, Newell ML. Neurodevelopment in children born to HIV-infected mothers by infection and treatment status. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1326–e1344. - PubMed
    1. Smith R, Chernoff M, Williams PL, Malee KM, Sirois PA, Kammerer B, et al. Impact of HIV severity on cognitive and adaptive functioning during childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:592–598. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Donenberg GR, Pao M. Youths and HIV/AIDS: psychiatry's role in a changingepidemic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:728–747. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kapetanovic S, Leister E, Nichols S, Miller T, Tassiopoulos K, Hazra R, et al. Relationship between markers of vascular dysfunction and neurodevelopmental outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected youth. AIDS. 2010;24:1481–1491. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Miller TL, Borkowsky W, DiMeglio LA, Dooley L, Geffner ME, Hazra R, et al. Metabolic abnormalities and viral replication are associated with biomarkers of vascular dysfunction in HIV-infected children. HIV Med. 2012;13:264–275. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types