The role of muscle mass in exercise-induced hyperemia

Abstract

Exercise-induced hyperemia is often normalized for muscle mass, and this value is sometimes evaluated at relative exercise intensities to take muscle recruitment into account. Therefore, this study sought to better understand the impact of muscle mass on leg blood flow (LBF) during exercise. LBF was assessed by Doppler ultrasound in 27 young healthy male subjects performing knee-extensor (KE) exercise at three absolute (5, 15, and 25 W) and three relative [20, 40, and 60% of maximum KE (KEmax)] workloads. Thigh muscle mass (5.2-8.1 kg) and LBF were significantly correlated at rest (r = 0.54; P = 0.004). Exercise-induced hyperemia was linearly related to absolute workload, but revealed substantial between-subject variability, documented by the coefficient of variation (5 W: 17%; 15 W: 16%; 25 W: 16%). Quadriceps muscle mass (1.5-2.7 kg) and LBF were not correlated at 5, 15, or 25 W (r = 0.09-0.01; P = 0.7-0.9). Normalizing blood flow for quadriceps muscle mass did not improve the coefficient of variation at each absolute workload (5 W: 21%; 15 W: 21%; 25 W: 22%), while the additional evaluation at relative exercise intensities resulted in even greater variance (20% KEmax: 29%; 40% KEmax: 29%; 60% KEmax: 27%). Similar findings were documented when subjects were parsed into high and low aerobic capacity. Thus, in contrast to rest, blood flow during exercise is unrelated to muscle mass, and simply normalizing for muscle mass or comparing normalized blood flow at a given relative exercise intensity has no effect on the inherent blood flow variability. Therefore, during exercise, muscle mass does not appear to be a determinant of the hyperemic response.

Keywords: blood flow; knee extension; muscle mass; normalization.

Fig. 1.

Correlation between thigh muscle mass measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and resting leg blood flow.

Fig. 2.

Individual exercise-induced leg blood flow responses across multiple absolute workloads.

Fig. 3.

Correlation between exercise-induced leg blood flow and quadriceps muscle mass at three absolute workloads: 5 W (A), 15 W (B), and 25 W (C).

Fig. 4.

Individual exercise-induced leg blood flow responses normalized to quadriceps muscle mass across absolute and relative work rates. A: blood flow per unit of muscle across absolute knee extensor work rates. B: blood flow per unit of muscle across work rate relative to knee extensor maximum work rate.