Immunoglobulin G measurement in blood plasma using infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

A rapid, simple, and inexpensive method to measure the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in blood samples in human and veterinary medicine is highly desired. Infrared spectroscopy (coupled with chemometric manipulation of spectral data) has the advantages of simple sample preparation, rapid implementation of analysis, and low cost. Here a method that exploits infrared spectroscopy as the basis to measure IgG concentration in animal plasma samples is reported, with radial immunodiffusion (RID) used as the reference test method for partial least squares (PLS) calibration model development. Smoothed non-derivative and the second-order derivative spectra were used to develop calibration models. Various additional spectral preprocessing steps were evaluated to optimize the calibration models, and the possible benefits of using an internal standard (potassium thiocyanate [KSCN]) were investigated. Monte Carlo cross-validation was used to determine the optimal number of PLS factors, and an independent prediction set was used to test the predictive performances of provisional models. The effects of various preprocessing options (spectral smoothing, derivation, normalization, region selection, mean-centering, and standard deviation scaling) on quantification accuracy were investigated. The root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) for different combinations of spectra preprocessing steps was 394 ± 36 mg/dL for the non-derivative spectra and 427 ± 101 mg/dL for the second-order derivative spectra. Immunoglobulin G concentrations produced by the optimized PLS model for the non-derivative spectra (RMSEP = 352 mg/dL) were found to be stable with respect to different splits of the samples among the calibration, validation, and prediction sets. The precision of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) method is found to be slightly superior to that of the RID method. The results of this work indicate that infrared spectroscopy is a promising technique for economically and rapidly determining the IgG concentrations of plasma and plasma-derived samples.