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Review
. 2014 Feb;21(1):29-40.
doi: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.29. Epub 2014 Feb 28.

Interaction between Muscle and Bone

Hiroshi Kaji  1
Affiliations
Review

Interaction between Muscle and Bone

Hiroshi Kaji. J Bone Metab. 2014 Feb.

Abstract

The clinical significance of sarcopenia and osteoporosis has increased with the increase in the population of older people. Sarcopenia is defined by decreased muscle mass and impaired muscle function, which is related to osteoporosis independently and dependently. Numerous lines of clinical evidence suggest that lean body mass is positively related to bone mass, which leads to reduced fracture risk. Genetic, endocrine and mechanical factors affect both muscle and bone simultaneously. Vitamin D, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis and testosterone are physiologically and pathologically important as endocrine factors. These findings suggest the presence of interactions between muscle and bone, which might be very important for understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Muscle/bone relationships include two factors: local control of muscle to bone and systemic humoral interactions between muscle and bone. As a putative local inducer of muscle ossification, we found Tmem119, a parathyroid hormone-responsive osteoblast differentiation factor. Moreover, osteoglycin might be one of the muscle-derived humoral bone anabolic factors. This issue may be important for the development of novel drugs and biomarkers for osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Further research will be necessary to clarify the details of the linkage of muscle and bone.

Keywords: Bone and bones; Muscles; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Various factors influence the interactions between muscle and bone. GH/IGF-I, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Local regulators for muscle differentiation to bone. MMP-10, matrix metalloproteinase-10.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Systemic humoral factors produced from muscle or bone tissues affect each other. MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor I; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; IL, interleukin; FAM5C, family with sequence similarity 5, member C; PGs. proteoglycans; BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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