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Editorial
. 2014 Jun 10;129(23):2368-70.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010006. Epub 2014 Apr 7.

Arsonists and firefighters: the perpetual inflammatory civil war for survival

Joel S Karliner  1
Affiliations
Editorial

Arsonists and firefighters: the perpetual inflammatory civil war for survival

Joel S Karliner. Circulation. .
No abstract available

Keywords: Editorials; atherosclerosis; cholesterol; fingolimod; glycosphingolipids; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors; sphingosine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Shown in schematic format is the pathway leading to glucosylceramide. De novo synthesis of ceramide begins with the condensation of palmitate and serine to form 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine (not depicted). The latter is reduced to dihydrosphingosine followed by acylation to yield dihydroceramide, which in turn generates ceramide via the action of desaturases. Ceramide is at the hub of several pathways, as it can be transformed into sphingomyelin, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate, ceramide 1-phosphate or glucosylceramide. As noted in the text, glucosylceramide (and lactylceramide) foster cellular cholesterol accumulation and reduce cholesterol export. D-DMPP inhibits these actions of glucosylceramide, retarding cholesterol accumulation and enhancing cholesterol export via transporter molecules such as SR-B1, CD36 and ABCA1. CDase, ceramidase; CerS, (dihydro)ceramide synthase; CK, ceramide kinase; GCase, glucosyl ceramidase; GCS, glucosyl ceramide synthase; SK, sphingosine kinase; SMase, sphgomyelinase; SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; SPPase, sphingosine phosphate phosphatase; SPT, serine palmitoyl transferase.
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