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. 2014 Apr 7;9(4):e94191.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094191. eCollection 2014.

Wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a source of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Clara Marin  1 , Maria-Dolores Palomeque  1 , Francisco Marco-Jiménez  2 , Santiago Vega  1
Affiliations

Wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a source of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Clara Marin et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

The existence of Campylobacter and Salmonella reservoirs in wildlife is a potential hazard to animal and human health; however, the prevalence of these species is largely unknown. Until now, only a few studies have evaluated the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures and based on a small number of birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures (n = 97) during the normal ringing programme at the Cinctorres Observatory in Eastern Spain. In addition, the effect of ages of individuals (juveniles, subadult and adult) on the presence were compared. Campylobacter was isolated from 1 of 97 (1.0%) griffon vultures and identified as C. jejuni. Salmonella was isolated from 51 of 97 (52.6%) griffon vultures. No significant differences were found between the ages of individuals for the presence of Salmonella. Serotyping revealed 6 different serovars among two Salmonella enterica subspecies; S. enterica subsp. enterica (n = 49, 96.1%) and S. enterica subsp. salamae (n = 2, 3.9%). No more than one serovar was isolated per individual. The serovars isolated were S. Typhimurium (n = 42, 82.3%), S. Rissen (n = 4, 7.8%), S. Senftenberg (n = 3, 5.9%) and S. 4,12:b[-] (n = 2, 3.9%). Our results imply that wild griffon vultures are a risk factor for Salmonella transmission, but do not seem to be a reservoir for Campylobacter. We therefore rule out vultures as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. Nevertheless, further studies should be undertaken in other countries to confirm these results.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Trap used to capture the wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) at Cinctorres Observatory (40°33′N, 0°13′W, Castellón province, Eastern Spain).
(a) Cage built ad hoc to trap vultures with remote control. (b) Detail of pig carcasses placed on the trap to attract the vultures (white arrows). (c) Details of the large number of vultures analysed.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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