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Review
. 2014 Jun;24(2):88-115.
doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9260-y. Epub 2014 Apr 11.

What neuropsychology tells us about human tool use? The four constraints theory (4CT): mechanics, space, time, and effort

Affiliations
Review

What neuropsychology tells us about human tool use? The four constraints theory (4CT): mechanics, space, time, and effort

François Osiurak. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014 Jun.

Abstract

Our understanding of human tool use comes mainly from neuropsychology, particularly from patients with apraxia or action disorganization syndrome. However, there is no integrative, theoretical framework explaining what these neuropsychological syndromes tell us about the cognitive/neural bases of human tool use. The goal of the present article is to fill this gap, by providing a theoretical framework for the study of human tool use: The Four Constraints Theory (4CT). This theory rests on two basic assumptions. First, everyday tool use activities can be formalized as multiple problem situations consisted of four distinct constraints (mechanics, space, time, and effort). Second, each of these constraints can be solved by the means of a specific process (technical reasoning, semantic reasoning, working memory, and simulation-based decision-making, respectively). Besides presenting neuropsychological evidence for 4CT, this article shall address epistemological, theoretical and methodological issues I will attempt to resolve. This article will discuss how 4CT diverges from current cognitive models about several widespread hypotheses (e.g., notion of routine, direct and automatic activation of tool knowledge, simulation-based tool knowledge).

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