The effect of prophylactic polishing pastes on surface roughness of indirect restorative materials

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of prophylactic polishing pastes (PPP; Detartrine (DT), Topex (TP)) on surface roughness (R(a)) of indirect composites (IRC; Tescera (TES), Gradia (GRD), and Estenia C&B (EST)), a glass ceramic (Empress 2 layering (E2)), and a leucite reinforced glass ceramic (Empress Esthetic (EE)) with two different (glazed (G); polished (P)) surface preparations. A total of 90 IRC and 120 ceramic discs, 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, were prepared. E2 and EE specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 30). One group was glazed (GE2; GEE), while the other group was polished (PE2; PEE) the same as the IRCs. The specimens in each group were subsequently divided into three subgroups: control (C), DT, and TP. R(a) (μm) was evaluated with a profilometer. Data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis, followed by the Dunn's multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05). DT and TP resulted in significant surface roughening for TES, GRD, and EST, while no significant differences were detected between DT and TP (P > 0.05). PE2 and PEE were not affected by DT or TP (P > 0.05), while GE2 and GEE exhibited significant roughening after TP (P < 0.05). Surface roughness of IRCs and glazed ceramics can be affected by PPP applications.

Figure 1

(a) Scanning electron micrograph of TES-C showing a homogenous distribution of different kind of filler particles. (b) TES-DT group presented scratch lines and some debonding of filler particles while TES-TP group revealed smooth scratch lines without debonding of fillers particles (c).

Figure 2

(a) Scanning electron micrograph of GRD-C showed prepolymerized, ceramic, and silica fillers with some debonding. (b) GRD-DT group revealed roughening of prepolymerized fillers along with resin abrasion between the fillers. Debonding of inorganic fillers was also evident. (c) GRD-TP showed similar surface morphology as the GRD-DT, however roughening of prepolymerized fillers was not as much as that in DT group.

Figure 3

(a) Scanning electron micrograph of EST-C group showed a homogeneous surface with a dense filler distribution and debonding of some inorganic fillers. (b, c) EST-DT and EST-TP groups revealed resin removal between the fillers and debonding of small filler particles.

Figure 4

(a) Scanning electron micrograph of GE2-C group showed a homogeneous surface. (b) GE2-DT showed some slight scratch lines while (c) GE2-TP revealed some defects and scratches.

Figure 5

(a, b) Scanning electron micrographs of PE2-C and PE2-DT groups revealed crystals that are characterized by a needle-like morphology while PE2-TP (c) showed some scratch lines.

Figure 6

(a, b) Scanning electron micrographs of GEE-C and GEE-DT groups revealed similar homogeneous surfaces while some defects were evident in GEE-TP group (c).

Figure 7

Scanning electron micrographs of PEE-C, PEE-DT, and PEE-TP groups presented similar surface morphology with small voids that were created during mechanical polishing.