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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Apr 16;2014(4):CD008958.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008958.pub2.

The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement

Rebecca Langford  1 , Christopher P Bonell, Hayley E Jones, Theodora Pouliou, Simon M Murphy, Elizabeth Waters, Kelli A Komro, Lisa F Gibbs, Daniel Magnus, Rona Campbell
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement

Rebecca Langford et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework is an holistic, settings-based approach to promoting health and educational attainment in school. The effectiveness of this approach has not been previously rigorously reviewed.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of the Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework in improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement.

Search methods: We searched the following electronic databases in January 2011 and again in March and April 2013: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Campbell Library, ASSIA, BiblioMap, CAB Abstracts, IBSS, Social Science Citation Index, Sociological Abstracts, TRoPHI, Global Health Database, SIGLE, Australian Education Index, British Education Index, Education Resources Information Centre, Database of Education Research, Dissertation Express, Index to Theses in Great Britain and Ireland, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current controlled trials, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We also searched relevant websites, handsearched reference lists, and used citation tracking to identify other relevant articles.

Selection criteria: We included cluster-randomised controlled trials where randomisation took place at the level of school, district or other geographical area. Participants were children and young people aged four to 18 years, attending schools or colleges. In this review, we define HPS interventions as comprising the following three elements: input to the curriculum; changes to the school's ethos or environment or both; and engagement with families or communities, or both. We compared this intervention against schools that implemented either no intervention or continued with their usual practice, or any programme that included just one or two of the above mentioned HPS elements.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors identified relevant trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in the trials. We grouped different types of interventions according to the health topic targeted or the approach used, or both. Where data permitted, we performed random-effects meta-analyses to provide a summary of results across studies.

Main results: We included 67 eligible cluster trials, randomising 1443 schools or districts. This is made up of 1345 schools and 98 districts. The studies tackled a range of health issues: physical activity (4), nutrition (12), physical activity and nutrition combined (18), bullying (7), tobacco (5), alcohol (2), sexual health (2), violence (2), mental health (2), hand-washing (2), multiple risk behaviours (7), cycle-helmet use (1), eating disorders (1), sun protection (1), and oral health (1). The quality of evidence overall was low to moderate as determined by the GRADE approach. 'Risk of bias' assessments identified methodological limitations, including heavy reliance on self-reported data and high attrition rates for some studies. In addition, there was a lack of long-term follow-up data for most studies.We found positive effects for some interventions for: body mass index (BMI), physical activity, physical fitness, fruit and vegetable intake, tobacco use, and being bullied. Intervention effects were generally small but have the potential to produce public health benefits at the population level. We found little evidence of effectiveness for standardised body mass index (zBMI) and no evidence of effectiveness for fat intake, alcohol use, drug use, mental health, violence and bullying others; however, only a small number of studies focused on these latter outcomes. It was not possible to meta-analyse data on other health outcomes due to lack of data. Few studies provided details on adverse events or outcomes related to the interventions. In addition, few studies included any academic, attendance or school-related outcomes. We therefore cannot draw any clear conclusions as to the effectiveness of this approach for improving academic achievement.

Authors' conclusions: The results of this review provide evidence for the effectiveness of some interventions based on the HPS framework for improving certain health outcomes but not others. More well-designed research is required to establish the effectiveness of this approach for other health topics and academic achievement.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rebecca Langford has undertaken consultancy work for the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of a Delphi exercise into mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings.

Rona Campbell is a Director of a not‐for‐profit company, DECIPHer IMPACT Ltd, set up to enable organisations to obtain a licence to use the DECIPHer ASSIST smoking prevention programme, a peer‐led intervention for use with adolescents in secondary schools. She has made a presentation on her smoking prevention work at French Institute of Health Promotion and Health Education in Paris in April 2013 and her travel and accommodation were paid for by that organisation. Rona is married to Professor Gabriel Scally, Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Healthy Urban Environments. Rona has provided expert testimony to the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on multiple risk behaviour on an unpaid basis. She was a member of the Wellcome Trust's Expert Group on Population and Public Health and received a small fee for attending meetings but has now stepped down from this role.

Rona’s institute has received funds for the following projects: Employer schemes to encourage walking to work: feasibility study incorporating an exploratory randomised controlled trial (NIHR Public Health Research Programme); Active For Life Year 5: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial of a primary school‐based intervention to increase levels of physical activity, decrease sedentary behaviour and improve diet (NIHR Public Health Research programme); the effectiveness, acceptability and cost effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for maltreated children and adolescents: an evidence synthesis (NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme); developing and piloting a peer mentoring intervention to reduce teenage pregnancy in looked‐after children and care leavers (NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme); adapting and piloting the ASSIST model of informal peer‐led intervention delivery to the Talk to Frank drug prevention programme in UK secondary schools (ASSIST+Frank): an exploratory trial; School Health Research Network scoping and feasibility study; the effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes. Centre funding has also been received for NIHR School for Public Health Research and Centre for Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding has been provided for the following fellowships: physical activity and emotional well‐being in young people; physical activity facilitation to improve functional ability and independent living in older people at risk of disability: a feasibility study and pilot randomised controlled trial and the impact of peers in relation to alcohol use in adolescence: investigating social influences to inform a peer‐led school‐based intervention.

Elizabeth Waters and Lisa Gibbs were investigators in fun ‘n healthy in Moreland! and an evaluation of Kids, Go for your life.

Elizabeth Waters has been involved in reviews and consultancies to the WHO but not in any relation to this review.

Lisa Gibbs was also an investigator in an evaluation of the Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden Program.

Kelli Komro was an investigator in Project Northland (Minnesota), Project Northland (Chicago), and DARE Plus, which are included in the review. She receives royalties from the sale of the Project Northland and DARE Plus prevention curricula.

Chris Bonnell, Simon Murphy, Dan Magnus, Theodora Pouliou, Hayley Jones ‐ none known.

Figures

1
1
Logic model
2
2
Study flow diagram
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Overweight/Obesity, outcome: 1.1 BMI.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 Nutrition, outcome: 3.1 Fat intake.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 Nutrition, outcome: 3.2 Fruit and vegetable intake.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Overweight or obesity, Outcome 1 BMI.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Overweight or obesity, Outcome 2 zBMI.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Physical activity, Outcome 1 Physical activity.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Physical activity, Outcome 2 Physical fitness.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nutrition, Outcome 1 Fat intake.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nutrition, Outcome 2 Fruit and vegetable intake.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Tobacco use, Outcome 1 Tobacco use.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Alcohol use, Outcome 1 Alcohol use.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Substance use, Outcome 1 Substance use.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Mental health, Outcome 1 Depression.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Violence, Outcome 1 Violence.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bullying, Outcome 1 Being bullied.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bullying, Outcome 2 Bullying others.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008958

References

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Haerens 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haerens L, Cerin E, Deforche B, Maes L, Bourdeaudhuij I. Explaining the effects of a 1‐year intervention promoting a low fat diet in adolescent girls: a mediation analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2007;4:55. - PMC - PubMed
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Hall 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hall M, Cross D, Howat P, Stevenson M, Shaw T. Evaluation of a school‐based peer leader bicycle helmet intervention. Injury Control and Safety Promotion 2004;11(3):165‐74. - PubMed
Hamilton 2005 {published data only}
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Hoffman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Blom‐Hoffman J. School‐based promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption in multiculturally diverse, urban schools. Psychology in the Schools 2008;45(1):16‐27. - PMC - PubMed
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Hoppu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hoppu U, Lehtisalo J, Kujala J, Keso T, Garam S, Tapanainen H, et al. The diet of adolescents can be improved by school intervention. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(6A):973‐9. - PubMed
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Jansen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jansen W, Borsboom G, Meima A, Zwanenburg EJ, Mackenbach JP, Raat H, et al. Effectiveness of a primary school‐based intervention to reduce overweight. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2011;6(2‐2):e70‐7. - PubMed
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Kärnä 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ahtola A, Haataja A, Kärnä A, Poskiparta E, Salmivalli C. For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education 2012;28(6):851‐9.
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    1. Salmivalli C, Poskiparta E. KiVa antibullying program: overview of evaluation studies based on a randomized controlled trial and national rollout in Finland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 2012;6(2):294‐301.
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    1. Williford A, Boulton A, Noland B, Little TD, Kärnä A, Salmivalli C. Effects of the KiVa anti‐bullying program on adolescents' depression, anxiety, and perception of peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2012;40(2):289‐300. - PubMed
Kärnä 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ahtola A, Haataja A, Kärnä A, Poskiparta E, Salmivalli C. For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education 2012;28(6):851‐9.
    1. Kärnä A, Voeten M, Little TD, Alanen E, Poskiparta E, Salmivalli C. Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: grades 1‐3 and 7‐9. Journal of Educational Psychology 2013;105(2):535‐51.
    1. Salmivalli C, Poskiparta E. KiVa antibullying program: overview of evaluation studies based on a randomized controlled trial and national rollout in Finland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 2012;6(2):294‐301.
    1. Salmivalli C, Poskiparta E. Making bullying prevention a priority in Finnish schools: the KiVa antibullying program. New Directions for Youth Development 2012;2012(133):41‐53. - PubMed
Komro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Bosma LM, Dudovitz BS, Williams CL, et al. Brief report: the adaptation of Project Northland for urban youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2004;29(6):457‐66. - PubMed
    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Farbakhsh K, Toomey TL, Stigler MH, et al. Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of a multi‐component alcohol use preventive intervention for urban youth: project northland Chicago. Addiction 2008;103(4):606‐18. - PMC - PubMed
Kriemler 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kriemler S, Zahner L, Schindler C, Meyer U, Hartmann T, Hebestreit H, et al. Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c785. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zahner L, Puder JJ, Roth R, Schmid M, Guldimann R, Puhse U, et al. A school‐based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6‐13 years ("Kinder‐Sportstudie KISS"): study design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN15360785]. BMC Public Health 2006;6:147. - PMC - PubMed
Levy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Levy TS, Morales CR, Castellanos CA, Coronel AS, Aguilar AJ, Humaran IMG. Effectiveness of a diet and physical activity promotion strategy on the prevention of obesity in Mexican school children. BMC Public Health 2012;12:152. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bavarian N, Lewis KM, Dubois DL, Acock A, Vuchinich S, Silverthorn N, et al. Using social‐emotional and character development to improve academic outcomes: a matched‐pair, cluster‐randomized controlled trial in low‐income, urban schools. Journal of School Health 2013;83(11):771‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lewis KM, Bavarian N, Snyder FJ, Acock A, Day J, DuBois DL, et al. Direct and mediated effects of a social‐emotional and character development program on adolescent substance use. International Journal of Emotional Education 2012;4(1):56‐78. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lewis KM, Schure MB, Bavarian N, DuBois DL, Day J, Ji P, et al. Problem behavior and urban, low‐income youth: a randomized controlled trial of Positive Action in Chicago. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;44(6):622‐30. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Washburn I, Acock A, Vuchinich S, Snyder F, Li K, Ji P, et al. Effects of a social‐emotional and character development program on the trajectory of behaviors associated with social‐emotional and character development: findings from three randomized trials. Prevention Science 2011;12(3):314‐23. - PubMed
Llargues 2011 {published data only}
    1. Llargues E, Franco R, Recasens A, Nadal A, Vila M, Pérez MJ, et al. Assessment of a school‐based intervention in eating habits and physical activity in school children: the AVall study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2011;65(10):896‐901. - PMC - PubMed
Luepker 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Edmundson EW, Luton SC, McGraw SA, Kelder SH, Layman AK, Smyth MH, et al. Catch ‐ classroom process evaluation in a multicenter trial. Health Education Quarterly 1994;Suppl 2:S27‐50. - PubMed
    1. Elder JP, McGraw SA, Stone EJ, Reed DB, Harsha DW, Greene T, et al. CATCH: process evaluation of environmental factors and programs. Health Education Quarterly 1994;Suppl 2:S107‐27. - PubMed
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Lytle 2004 {published data only}
    1. Birnbaum AS, Lytle LA, Story M, Perry CL, Murray DM. Are differences in exposure to a multicomponent school‐based intervention associated with varying dietary outcomes in adolescents?. Health Education & Behavior 2002;29(4):427‐43. - PubMed
    1. Janega JB, Murray DM, Varnell SP, Blitstein JL, Birnbaum AS, Lytle LA. Assessing intervention effects in a school‐based nutrition intervention trial: which analytic model is most powerful?. Health Education & Behavior 2004;31(6):756‐74. - PubMed
    1. Klein EG, Lytle LA, Chen V. Social ecological predictors of the transition to overweight in youth: results from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at Schools (TEENS) study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(7):1163‐9. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Lytle LA, Murray DM, Perry CL, Story M, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, et al. School‐based approaches to affect adolescents' diets: results from the TEENS study. Health Education & Behavior 2004;31(2):270‐87. - PubMed
McVey 2004 {published data only}
    1. McVey G, Tweed S, Blackmore E. Healthy Schools‐Healthy Kids: a controlled evaluation of a comprehensive universal eating disorder prevention program. Body Image 2007;4(2):115‐36. - PubMed
Nicklas 1998 {published data only}
    1. Beech BM, Rice R, Myers L, Johnson C, Nicklas TA. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fruit and vegetable consumption of high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health 1999;24(4):244‐50. - PubMed
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Olson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Olson AL, Gaffney C, Starr P, Gibson JJ, Cole BF, Dietrich AJ. SunSafe in the middle school years: a community‐wide intervention to change early‐adolescent sun protection. Pediatrics 2007;119(1):e247‐56. - PubMed
Orpinas 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kelder SH, Orpinas P, McAlister A, Frankowski R, Parcel GS, Friday J. The students for peace project: a comprehensive violence‐prevention program for middle school students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12(5 Suppl):22‐30. - PubMed
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Perry 1996 {published data only}
    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Murray DM, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Williams CL, Anstine PS. Peer‐planned social activities for preventing alcohol use among young adolescents. Journal of School Health 1996;66(9):328‐34. - PubMed
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    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Williams CL, Stigler MH, Farbakhsh K, Veblen‐Mortenson S. How did Project Northland reduce alcohol use among young adolescents? Analysis of mediating variables. Health Education Research 2001;16(1):59‐70. - PubMed
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Perry 1998 {published data only}
    1. Eldridge AL, Smith‐Warner SA, Lytle LA, Murray DM. Comparison of 3 methods for counting fruits and vegetables for fourth‐grade students in the Minnesota 5 A Day Power Plus Program. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1998;98(7):777‐82. - PubMed
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Perry 2003 {published data only}
    1. Eischens A, Komro KA, Perry CL, Bosma LM, Farbakhsh K. The association of extracurricular activity participation with substance use among youth in the DARE Plus project. American Journal of Health Education 2004;35(2):68‐75.
    1. Komro K, Perry C, Munson K, Stigler M, Farbakhsh K. Reliability and validity of self‐report measures to evaluate drug and violence prevention programs. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2004;13(3):17‐51.
    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Stigler MH, Bosma LM, Munson KA, et al. Violence‐related outcomes of the D.A.R.E. plus project. Health Education & Behavior 2004;31(3):335‐54. - PubMed
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    1. Perry CL, Komro KA, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Bosma LM, Farbakhsh K, Munson KA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the middle and junior high school D.A.R.E and D.A.R.E Plus programs. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2003;157(2):178‐84. - PubMed
Perry 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bate SL, Stigler MH, Thompson MS, Arora M, Perry CL, Reddy KS, et al. Psychosocial mediators of a school‐based tobacco prevention program in India: results from the first year of project MYTRI. Prevention Science 2009;10(2):116‐28. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Mishra A, Arora M, Stigler MH, Komro KA, Lytle LA, Reddy KS, et al. Indian youth speak about tobacco: results of focus group discussions with school students. Health Education & Behavior 2005;32(2):363‐79. - PubMed
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Radcliffe 2005 {published data only}
    1. Radcliffe B, Ogden C, Welsh J, Carroll S, Coyne T, Craig P. The Queensland School Breakfast Project: a health promoting schools approach. Nutrition & Dietetics 2005;62(1):33‐40.
Reynolds 2000 {published data only}
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Ross 2007 {published data only}
    1. Doyle A, Ross D, Manganja K, Baisley K, Masesa C, Andreasen A, et al. Long‐term biological and behavioural impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention in Tanzania: follow‐up survey of the community‐based MEMA kwa Vijana trial. PLoS Medicine 2010;7:e1000287. - PMC - PubMed
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Rush 2012 {published data only}
    1. Graham D, Appleton S, Rush E, McLennan S, Reed P, Simmons D. Increasing activity and improving nutrition through a schools‐based programme: Project Energize. 1. Design, programme, randomisation and evaluation methodology. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(10):1076‐84. - PubMed
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Sahota 2001 {published data only}
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Sallis 2003 {published data only}
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Sawyer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Burns J, Hickie I. Depression in young people: a national school‐based initiative for prevention, early intervention and pathways for care. Australasian Psychiatry 2002;10(2):134‐8.
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Schofield 2003 {published data only}
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Simon 2006 {published data only}
    1. Simon C, Schweitzer B, Drai J, Kellou N, Sandalinas F, Reitzer C, et al. Overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: 6‐year results of the randomized ICAPS study. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:26.
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Simons‐Morton 2005 {published data only}
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Stevens 2000 {published data only}
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Tai 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tai BJ, Jiang H, Du MQ, Peng B. Assessing the effectiveness of a school‐based oral health promotion programme in Yichang City, China. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2009;37(5):391‐8. - PubMed
Talaat 2011 {published data only}
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Te Velde 2008 {published data only}
    1. Brug J, Yngve A, Kleep K‐I. The pro children study: conceptualization, baseline results and intervention development of a European effort to promote fruit and vegetable consumption in schoolchildren. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2005;49(4):209‐11. - PubMed
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Trevino 2004 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Dominic O, Wray LA, Trevino RP, Hernandez AE, Yin Z, Ulbrecht JS. Identifying barriers that hinder onsite parental involvement in a school‐based health promotion program. Health Promotion Practice 2010;11(5):703‐13. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Trevino RP, Yin Z, Hernandez A, Hale DE, Garcia OA, Mobley C. Impact of the Bienestar school‐based diabetes mellitus prevention program on fasting capillary glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. [Erratum appears in Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(4):341]. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(9):911‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Trevino 2005 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Dominic O, Wray LA, Trevino RP, Hernandez AE, Yin Z, Ulbrecht JS. Identifying barriers that hinder onsite parental involvement in a school‐based health promotion program. Health Promotion Practice 2010;11(5):703‐13. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Trevino RP, Hernandez AE, Yin Z, Garcia OA, Hernandez I. Effect of the Bienestar health program on physical fitness in low‐income Mexican American children. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2005;27:120‐32.
    1. Trevino RP, Marshall RM, Hernandez AE, Ramirez G. Bienestar: a diabetes risk factor modification program. Diabetes 1999;48:A305.
    1. Trevino RP, Pugh JA, Hernandez AE, Menchaca VD, Ramirez RR, Mendoza M. Bienestar: a diabetes risk‐factor prevention program. Journal of School Health 1998;68(2):62‐7. - PubMed
Wen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Fry D, Wen LM, Merom D, Dirkis H, Rissel C, Balafas A. The Central Sydney Walk to School Research Program 2005‐2007. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2009.
    1. Wen LM, Fry D, Merom D, Rissel C, Dirkis H, Balafas A. Increasing active travel to school: are we on the right track? A cluster randomised controlled trial from Sydney, Australia. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(6):612‐8. - PubMed
Wen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wen X, Chen W, Gans KM, Colby SM, Lu C, Liang C, et al. Two‐year effects of a school‐based prevention programme on adolescent cigarette smoking in Guangzhou, China: a cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010;39(3):860‐76. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wen XZ, Chen WQ, Lu CY, Liang CH, Zhang CX, Han K, et al. Process evaluation on a health promotion model regarding smoking prevention among Chinese secondary school students. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2007;28(3):224‐8. - PubMed
Williamson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gabriele JM, Stewart TM, Sample A, Davis AB, Allen R, Martin CK, et al. Development of an internet‐based obesity prevention program for children. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2010;4(3):723‐32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Harsha D, Han H, Martin CK, Newton RL Jr, et al. Louisiana (LA) health: design and methods for a childhood obesity prevention program in rural schools. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2008;29(5):783‐95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Han H, Martin CK, Newton RL Jr, et al. Effect of an environmental school‐based obesity prevention program on changes in body fat and body weight: a randomized trial. Obesity 2012;20(8):1653‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Wolfe 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wolfe DA, Crooks C, Jaffe P, Chiodo D, Hughes R, Ellis W, et al. A school‐based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2009;163(8):692‐9. - PubMed
    1. Wolfe DA, Crooks CV, Chiodo D, Hughes R, Ellis W. Observations of adolescent peer resistance skills following a classroom‐based healthy relationship program: a post‐intervention comparison. Prevention Science 2012;13(2):196‐205. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Al‐Sheyab 2012 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Sheyab N, Gallagher R, Crisp J, Shah S. Peer‐led education for adolescents with asthma in Jordan: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2012;129(1):e106‐12. - PubMed
Baranowski 2000 {published data only}
    1. Baranowski T, Davis M, Resnicow K, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Lin LS, et al. Gimme 5 fruit, juice, and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation. Health Education & Behavior 2000;27(1):96‐111. - PubMed
    1. Davis M, Baranowski T, Resnicow K, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Smith M, et al. Gimme 5 fruit and vegetables for fun and health: process evaluation. Health Education & Behavior 2000;27(2):167‐76. - PubMed
Bessems 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bessems K, Assema P, Martens M, Paulussen T, Raaijmakers L, Rooij M, et al. Healthier food choices as a result of the revised healthy diet programme Krachtvoer for students of prevocational schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9(1):60. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bessems K, Assema P, Martens M, Paulussen T, Raaijmakers L, Vries N. Appreciation and implementation of the Krachtvoer healthy diet promotion programme for 12‐to 14‐year‐old students of prevocational schools. BMC Public Health 2011;11:909. - PMC - PubMed
Bierman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bierman KL, Coie JD, Dodge KA, Foster EM, Greenberg MT, Lochman JE, et al. The effects of the fast track program on serious problem outcomes at the end of elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2004;33(4):650‐61. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bierman KL, Coie JD, Dodge KA, Greenberg MT, Lochman JE, McMahon RJ, et al. Initial impact of the fast track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high‐risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(5):631‐47. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bierman KL, Coie JD, Dodge KA, Greenberg MT, Lochman JE, McMahon RJ, et al. Initial impact of the fast track prevention trial for conduct problems: II. Classroom effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(5):648‐57. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bierman KL, Coie JD, Dodge KA, Greenberg MT, Lochman JE, McMahon RJ, et al. Using the fast track randomized prevention trial to test the early‐starter model of the development of serious conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology 2002;14(4):925‐43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Foster EM. Costs and effectiveness of the fast track intervention for antisocial behavior. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2010;13(3):101‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Bierman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Conduct Problems Prevention Research. The effects of a multiyear universal social‐emotional learning program: the role of student and school characteristics. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2010;78(2):156‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Braswell 1997 {published data only}
    1. Braswell L, August G, Bloomquist M, Realmuto G, Skare SS, Crosby RD. School‐based secondary prevention for children with disruptive behavior: initial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1997;25(3):197‐208. - PubMed
Christian 2012 {published data only}
    1. Christian MS, Evans CEL, Conner MT, Ransley JK, Cade JE. Study protocol: can a school gardening intervention improve children's diets?. BMC Public Health 2012;12:304. - PMC - PubMed
Clark 2004 {published data only}
    1. Clark N, Brown R, Joseph C, Anderson E, Liu M, Valerio M. Effects of a comprehensive school‐based asthma program on symptoms, parent management, grades, and absenteeism. Chest 2004;125(5):1674‐9. - PubMed
Clark 2010 {published data only}
    1. Clark N, Shah S, Dodge J, Thomas L, Andridge R, Little R. An evaluation of asthma interventions for preteen students. Journal of School Health 2010;80(2):80‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Coleman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coleman KJ, Shordon M, Caparosa SL, Pomichowski ME, Dzewaltowski DA. The healthy options for nutrition environments in schools (Healthy ONES) group randomized trial: using implementation models to change nutrition policy and environments in low income schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:80. - PMC - PubMed
Collard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Collard DC, Chinapaw MJ, Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. Design of the iPlay study: systematic development of a physical activity injury prevention programme for primary school children. Sports Medicine 2009;39(11):889‐901. - PubMed
    1. Collard DC, Verhagen EA, Chinapaw MJ, Knol DL, Mechelen W. Effectiveness of a school‐based physical activity injury prevention program: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2010;164(2):145‐50. - PubMed
De Coen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coen V, Bourdeaudhuij I, Vereecken C, Verbestel V, Haerens, Huybrechts I, et al. Effects of a 2‐year healthy eating and physical activity intervention for 3–6‐year‐olds in communities of high and low socio‐economic status: the POP (Prevention of Overweight among Pre‐school and school children) project. Public Health Nutrition 2012; Vol. 15, issue 9:1737‐45. - PubMed
De Silva‐Sanigorski 2010 {published data only}
    1. Silva‐Sanigorski A, Prosser L, Carpenter L, Honisett S, Gibbs L, Moodie M, et al. Evaluation of the childhood obesity prevention program Kids ‐ 'Go for your life'. BMC Public Health 2010; Vol. 10:288. - PMC - PubMed
Dietrich 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dietrich AJ, Olson AL, Sox CH, Stevens M, Tosteson TD, Ahles T, et al. A community‐based randomized trial encouraging sun protection for children. Pediatrics 1998;102(6):e64. - PubMed
    1. Dietrich AJ, Olson AL, Sox CH, Tosteson TD, Grant‐Petersson J. Persistent increase in children's sun protection in a randomized controlled community trial. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(5):569‐74. - PubMed
    1. Grant‐Petersson J, Dietrich AJ, Sox CH, Winchell CW, Stevens MM. Promoting sun protection in elementary schools and child care settings: the SunSafe Project. Journal of School Health 1999;69(3):100‐6. - PubMed
Gingiss 2006 {published data only}
    1. Boerm M, Gingiss PM, Roberts‐Gray C. Association of the presence of state and district health education policies with school tobacco prevention program practices. Journal of School Health 2007;77(4):207‐14. - PubMed
    1. Gingiss P, Boerm M, Roberts‐Gray C. Follow‐up comparisons of intervention and comparison schools in a state tobacco prevention and control initiative. Journal of School Health 2006; Vol. 76, issue 3:98‐103. - PubMed
    1. Gingiss PM, Boerm M. Influence of funding cuts on Texas school tobacco programs. Journal of School Health 2009;79(8):361‐8. - PubMed
    1. Gingiss PM, Roberts‐Gray C, Boerm M. Bridge‐it: a system for predicting implementation fidelity for school‐based tobacco prevention programs. Prevention Science 2006;7(2):197‐207. - PubMed
    1. Roberts‐Gray C, Gingiss PM, Boerm M. Evaluating school capacity to implement new programs. Evaluation and Program Planning 2007;30(3):247‐57. - PubMed
Graf 2011 {published data only}
    1. Graf C, Dordel S. The CHILT I project (Children's Health Interventional Trial): a multicomponent intervention to prevent physical inactivity and overweight in primary schools [Das CHILT‐I‐projekt (Children's Health InterventionaL Trial): eine multimodale manahme zur pravention von bewegungsmangel und ubergewicht an grundschulen]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 2011;54(3):313‐21. - PubMed
Haggerty 2006 {published data only}
    1. Catalano RF, Mazza JJ, Harachi TW, Abbott RD, Haggerty KP, Fleming CB. Raising healthy children through enhancing social development in elementary school: results after 1.5 years. Journal of School Psychology 2003;41(2):143‐64.
    1. Fleming CB, Harachi TW, Catalano RF, Haggerty KP, Abbott RD. Assessing the effects of a school‐based intervention on unscheduled school transfers during elementary school. Evaluation Review 2001;25(6):655‐79. - PubMed
    1. Haggerty KP, Fleming CB, Catalano RF, Harachi TW, Abbott RD. Raising Healthy Children: examining the impact of promoting healthy driving behavior within a social development intervention. Prevention Science 2006;7(3):257‐67. - PubMed
Horne 2009 {published data only}
    1. Horne PJ, Hardman CA, Lowe CF, Tapper K, Noury J, Madden P, et al. Increasing parental provision and children's consumption of lunchbox fruit and vegetables in Ireland: the Food Dudes intervention. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(5):613‐8. - PubMed
Hunter 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hunter S, Love‐Jackson K, Abdulla R, Zhu W, Lee JH, Wells KJ, et al. Sun protection at elementary schools: a cluster randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2010;102(7):484‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Irwin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Irwin C, Irwin R, Richey P, Miller M, Boddie J, Dickerson T. Get fit with the Grizzlies: a community‐school‐home initiative to fight childhood obesity led by a professional sports organization. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2012;172:163‐7. - PubMed
James 1998 {published data only}
    1. James EL. A Strategy to Improve School Based Health Promotion: A Case Study in Smoking Prevention [PhD thesis]. Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia: University of Newcastle, 1998.
    1. James EL, Heller RF. A randomised controlled trial of school smoking prevention programs: using epidemiological methods to evaluate health promotion [abstract]. Australasian Epidemiology 1999;6:19‐20.
Jiang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jiang J, Xia X, Greiner T, Wu G, Lian G, Rosenqvist U. The effects of a 3‐year obesity intervention in schoolchildren in Beijing. Child: Care, Health and Development 2007;33(5):641‐6. - PubMed
Johnson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Johnson CC, Myers L, Webber LS, Boris NW, He H, Brewer D. A school‐based environmental intervention to reduce smoking among high school students: the Acadiana Coalition of Teens against Tobacco (ACTT). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2009;6(4):1298‐316. - PMC - PubMed
Johnston 2013 {published data only}
    1. Johnston CA, Moreno JP, El‐Mubasher A, Gallagher M, Tyler C, Woehle D. Impact of a school‐based pediatric obesity prevention program facilitated by health professionals. Journal of School Health 2013;83(3):171‐81. - PubMed
LoScuito 1988 {published data only}
    1. LoSciuto L, Ausetts MA. Evaluation of a drug abuse prevention program: a field experiment. Addictive Behaviors 1988;13(4):337‐51. - PubMed
Lubans 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Collins CE. Effects of integrating pedometers, parental materials, and E‐mail support within an extracurricular school sport intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health 2009;44(2):176‐83. - PubMed
Lubans 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Weaver K, Callister R, Dewar DL, Costigan SA, et al. Rationale and study protocol for the supporting children's outcomes using rewards, exercise and skills (SCORES) group randomized controlled trial: a physical activity and fundamental movement skills intervention for primary schools in low‐income communities. BMC Public Health 2012;12:427. - PMC - PubMed
Magnusson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Magnusson KT, Hrafnkelsson H, Sigurgeirsson I, Johannsson E, Sveinsson T. Limited effects of a 2‐year school‐based physical activity intervention on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in 7‐year‐old children. Health Education Research 2012;27(3):484‐94. - PubMed
Nagamatsu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nagamatsu M, Sato T, Nakagawa A, Saito H. HIV prevention through extended education encompassing students, parents, and teachers in Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2011;16(6):350‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Naylor 2008 {published data only}
    1. Macdonald HM, Kontulainen SA, Khan KM, McKay HA. Is a school‐based physical activity intervention effective for increasing tibial bone strength in boys and girls?. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2007;22(3):434‐46. - PubMed
    1. Macdonald HM, Kontulainen SA, Petit MA, Beck TJ, Khan KM, McKay HA. Does a novel school‐based physical activity model benefit femoral neck bone strength in pre‐ and early pubertal children?. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(10):1445‐56. - PubMed
    1. Naylor P, Scott J, Drummond J, Bridgewater L, McKay HA, Panagiotopoulos C. Implementing a whole school physical activity and healthy eating model in rural and remote first nations schools: a process evaluation of Action Schools! BC. Rural and Remote Health 2010;10(2):1296. - PubMed
    1. Naylor PJ, Macdonald HM, Reed KE, McKay HA. Action Schools! BC: a socioecological approach to modifying chronic disease risk factors in elementary school children. Preventing Chronic Disease 2006;3(2):A60. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Naylor PJ, Macdonald HM, Warburton DER, Reed KE, McKay HA. An active school model to promote physical activity in elementary schools: Action Schools! BC. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2008;42(5):338‐43. - PubMed
Neumark‐Sztainer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Neumark‐Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan J, Rex J. New Moves: a school‐based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(1):41‐51. - PubMed
Pate 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dishman RK, Motl RW, Saunders R, Felton G, Ward DS, Dowda M, et al. Enjoyment mediates effects of a school‐based physical‐activity intervention. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2005;37(3):478‐87. - PubMed
    1. Dishman RK, Motl RW, Saunders R, Felton G, Ward DS, Dowda M, et al. Self‐efficacy partially mediates the effect of a school‐based physical‐activity intervention among adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine 2004;38(5):628–36. - PubMed
    1. Pate RR, Ward DS, Saunders RP, Felton G, Dishman RK, Dowda M. Promotion of physical activity among high‐school girls: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2005;95(9):1582‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saunders RP, Ward D, Felton GM, Dowda M, Pate RR. Examining the link between program implementation and behavior outcomes in the lifestyle education for activity program (LEAP). Evaluation and Program Planning 2006;29(4):352–64. - PubMed
Piper 2000 {published data only}
    1. Moberg DP, Piper DL. The Healthy for Life project: sexual risk behavior outcomes. AIDS Education and Prevention 1998;10(2):128‐48. - PubMed
    1. Piper DL, Moberg DP, King MJ. The Healthy for Life project: behavioral outcomes. Journal of Primary Prevention 2000;21(1):47‐73.
Prinz 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dumas JE, Lynch AM, Laughlin JE, Phillips Smith, Prinz RJ. Promoting intervention fidelity. Conceptual issues, methods, and preliminary results from the EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(1 Suppl):38‐47. - PubMed
    1. Dumas JE, Prinz RJ, Smith EP, Laughlin J. The EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial: an integrated set of interventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 1999;2(1):37‐53. - PubMed
    1. Prinz RJ, Dumas JE, Smith EP, Laughlin JE. The EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial: a dual design to test reduction of risk for conduct problems, substance abuse, and school failure in childhood. Controlled Clinical Trials 2000;21(3):286‐302. - PubMed
Reddy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Reddy KS, Arora M, Perry CL, Nair B, Kohli A, Lytle LA, et al. Tobacco and alcohol use outcomes of a school‐based intervention in New Delhi. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;26(3):173‐81. - PubMed
Sevinç 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sevinç Ö, Bozkurt A, Gündoğdu M, Baş Aslan U, Ağbuğa B, Aslan S, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention program on preventing childhood obesity in Denizli, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Medical Science 2011; Vol. 41, issue 6:1097‐105.
Simon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Henry DB, Farrell AD, The Multisite Violence Prevention Project. The study designed by a committee: design of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004;26(1 Suppl):12‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Horne AM. The Multisite Violence Prevention Project: background and overview. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004;26(1 Suppl):3‐11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Simon TR, Ikeda RM, Smith EP, Reese LE, Rabiner DL, Miller‐Johnson S, et al. The Multisite Violence Prevention Project: Impact of a universal school‐based violence prevention program on social‐cognitive outcomes. Prevention Science 2008;9(4):231‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Singhal 2010 {published data only}
    1. Singhal N, Misra A, Shah P, Gulati S. Effects of controlled school‐based multi‐component model of nutrition and lifestyle interventions on behavior modification, anthropometry and metabolic risk profile of urban Asian Indian adolescents in North India. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010; Vol. 64, issue 4:364‐73. - PubMed
Solomon 1988 {published data only}
    1. Battistich V. Effects of a program to enhance prosocial development on adjustment. Paper presented at the 98th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association; 1990 August 10‐14; Boston (MA). 1990.
    1. Battistich V. Effects of a school‐based program to enhance prosocial development on children's peer relations and social adjustment. Journal of Research in Character Education 2003;1:1‐16.
    1. Battistich V, Solomon D, Watson M, Solomon J, Schaps E. Effects of an elementary school program to enhance prosocial behavior on children's cognitive‐social problem‐solving skills and strategies. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1989;10(2):147‐69.
    1. Solomon D, Watson M, Delucchi K, Schaps E, Battistich V. Enhancing children's prosocial behavior in the classroom. American Educational Research Journal 1988; Vol. 25, issue 4:527‐54.
Wang 2006a {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Tussing L, Odoms‐Young A, Braunschweig C, Flay B, Hedeker D, et al. Obesity prevention in low socioeconomic status urban African‐American adolescents: study design and preliminary findings of the HEALTH‐KIDS Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(1):92‐103. - PubMed
Washburn (southeastern state) 2011 {published data only}
    1. Washburn I, Acock A, Vuchinich S, Snyder F, Li K, Ji P, et al. Effects of a social‐emotional and character development program on the trajectory of behaviors associated with social‐emotional and character development: findings from three randomized trials. Prevention Science 2011; Vol. 12, issue 3:314‐23. - PubMed
Webber 2008 {published data only}
    1. Elder J, Lytle L, Sallis J, Young D, Steckler A, Simons‐Morton D, et al. A description of the social‐ecological framework used in the trial of activity for adolescent girls (TAAG). Health Education Research 2007;22(2):155‐65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Elder J, Shuler L, Moe S, Grieser M, Pratt C, Cameron S, et al. Recruiting a diverse group of middle school girls into the trial of activity for adolescent girls. Journal of School Health 2008;78(10):523‐31. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gittelsohn J, Steckler A, Johnson C, Pratt C, Grieser M, Pickrel J, et al. Formative research in school and community‐based health programs and studies: "state of the art" and the TAAG approach. Health Education & Behavior 2006;33(1):25‐39. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lytle LA, Murray DM, Evenson KR, Moody J, Pratt CA, Metcalfe L, et al. Mediators affecting girls' levels of physical activity outside of school: findings from the trial of activity in adolescent girls. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009;38(2):124‐36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McKenzie TL, Catellier DJ, Conway T, Lytle LA, Grieser M, Webber LA, et al. Girls' activity levels and lesson contexts in middle school PE: TAAG baseline. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006;38(7):1229‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Webster‐Stratton 2008 {published data only}
    1. Webster‐Stratton C, Herman KC. Disseminating Incredible Years series early‐intervention programs: integrating and sustaining services between school and home. Psychology in the Schools 2010;47(1):36‐54.
    1. Webster‐Stratton C, Herman KC. The impact of parent behavior‐management training on child depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2008;55(4):473‐84. - PubMed
    1. Webster‐Stratton C, Reid MJ, Stoolmiller, M. Preventing conduct problems and improving school readiness: evaluation of the Incredible Years Teacher and Child Training Programs in high‐risk schools. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008; Vol. 49, issue 5:471‐88. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Dreyhaupt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dreyhaupt J, Koch B, Wirt T, Schreiber A, Brandstetter S, Kesztyus D, et al. Evaluation of a health promotion program in children: study protocol and design of the cluster‐randomized Baden‐Wurttemberg primary school study [DRKS‐ID: DRKS00000494]. BMC Public Health 2012;12:157. - PMC - PubMed
Hodder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hodder R, Freund M, Bowman J, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Wye P, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a school‐based resilience intervention to decrease tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in secondary school students: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1009. [ACTRN12611000606987] - PMC - PubMed
Malmberg 2010 {published data only}
    1. Malmberg M, Overbeek G, Kleinjan M, Vermulst A, Monshouwer K, Lammers J, et al. Effectiveness of the universal prevention program 'Healthy School and Drugs': study protocol of a randomized clustered trial. BMC Public Health 2010;10:541. [NTR1516] - PMC - PubMed
NCT00747513 {published data only}
    1. Lerner‐Geva L. A multi‐component program to reduce obesity in children. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00747513 (accessed 5 March 2014). [NCT00747513]
Salmon 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carson V, Salmon J, Arundell L, Ridgers N, Cerin E, Brown H, et al. Examination of mid‐intervention mediating effects on objectively assessed sedentary time among children in the Transform‐Us! cluster‐randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013;10:62. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Salmon J, Arundell L, Hume C, Brown H, Hesketh K, Dunstan D, et al. A cluster‐randomized controlled trial to reduce sedentary behavior and promote physical activity and health of 8‐9 year olds: the Transform‐Us! study. BMC Public Health 2011;11:759. [ISRCTN83725066] - PMC - PubMed
Siegrist 2011 {published data only}
    1. Siegrist M, Hanssen H, Lammel C, Haller B, Halle M. A cluster randomised school‐based lifestyle intervention programme for the prevention of childhood obesity and related early cardiovascular disease (JuvenTUM 3). BMC Public Health 2011;11:258. [NCT00988754] - PMC - PubMed
Sutherland 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Lubans D, Morgan P, Okely A, Nathan N, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a school‐based intervention to prevent decline in adolescent physical activity levels: study protocol for the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:57. [ACTRN12612000382875] - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Tussing L, Odoms‐Young A, Braunschweig C, Flay B, Hedeker D, et al. Obesity prevention in low socioeconomic status urban African‐American adolescents: study design and preliminary findings of the HEALTH‐KIDS study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006; Vol. 60, issue 1:92‐103. - PubMed
Waters 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gibbs L, O'Connor T, Waters E, Booth M, Walsh O, Green J, et al. Addressing the potential adverse effects of school‐based BMI assessments on children's wellbeing. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2008;3(1):52‐7. - PubMed
    1. Waters E, Ashbolt R, Gibbs L, Booth M, Magarey A, Gold L, et al. Double disadvantage: the influence of ethnicity over socioeconomic position on childhood overweight and obesity: findings from an inner urban population of primary school children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2008;3(4):196‐204. [ACTRN12607000385448] - PubMed
Wyatt 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wyatt K, Lloyd J, Abraham C, Creanor S, Dean S, Densham E, et al. The Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP), a novel school‐based intervention to prevent obesity in school children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:95. [ISRCTN15811706] - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Xu F, Ware RS, Tse LA, Wang Z, Hong X, Song A, et al. A school‐based comprehensive lifestyle intervention among Chinese kids against obesity (CLICK‐Obesity): rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in Nanjing city, China. BMC Public Health 2012;12:316. [ChiCTR‐ERC‐11001819] - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Allison 2007
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