Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2014 Mar;18(2):150-8.
doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.129104.

Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

Neslihan Cuhaci  1 , Sefika Burcak Polat  1 , Berna Evranos  1 , Reyhan Ersoy  1 , Bekir Cakir  1
Affiliations
Review

Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

Neslihan Cuhaci et al. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Mar.

Abstract

Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast glandular tissue and is the most common breast condition in males. At least 30% of males will be affected during their life. Since it causes anxiety, psychosocial discomfort and fear of breast cancer, early diagnostic evaluation is important and patients usually seek medical attention. Gynecomastia was reported to cause an imbalance between estrogen and androgen action or an increased estrogen to androgen ratio, due to increased estrogen production, decreased androgen production or both. Evaluation of gynecomastia must include a detailed medical history, clinical examination, specific blood tests, imaging and tissue sampling. Individual treatment requirements can range from simple reassurance to medical treatment or even surgery. The main aim of any intervention is to relieve the symptoms and exclude other etiological factors.

Keywords: Androgen; drug; estrogen; gynecomastia; surgery.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hormonal evaluation of gynecomastia
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Braunstein GD. Clinical Practise. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 2007;20(357):1229–37. - PubMed
    1. Carlson HE. Approach to the patient with gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:15–21. - PubMed
    1. Johnson RE, Kermott CA, Murad MH. Gynecomastia-evaluation and current treatment options. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:145–8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Daniels IR, Layer GT. Gynaecomastia. Eur J Surg. 2001;167:885–92. - PubMed
    1. Johnson RE, Murad MH. Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:1010–5. - PMC - PubMed