Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2014 May 2;2014(5):CD001258.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001258.pub3.

Carbamazepine for schizophrenia

Stefan Leucht  1 , Bartosz Helfer, Markus Dold, Werner Kissling, John McGrath
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Carbamazepine for schizophrenia

Stefan Leucht et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Many people with schizophrenia do not achieve a satisfactory treatment response with just antipsychotic drug treatment and various adjunct medications are used to promote additional response. The antiepileptic carbamazepine is one such drug.

Objectives: To examine whether carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine alone is an effective treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses and whether carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine augmentation of neuroleptic medication is an effective treatment for the same illnesses.

Search methods: For the original version we searched The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of Trials (December 2001), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2001), MEDLINE (1966-2001), EMBASE (1980-2001), Biological Abstracts (1980-2001), PsycLIT (1886-2001) and PSYNDEX (1974-2001). For the most recent update we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of Trials in July 2012. We also inspected references of all identified studies for further trials and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies and authors for additional data.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing carbamazepine or compounds of the carbamazepine family with placebo or no intervention, whether as sole treatment or as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia and/or schizoaffective psychoses.

Data collection and analysis: We extracted data independently. For homogenous dichotomous data we calculated fixed-effect, risk ratio (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD). We assessed the risk of bias for included studies and created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE.

Main results: The updated search did not reveal any further studies that met our inclusion criteria. The number of included studies therefore remains at 10 with the number of participants randomised still 283.One study comparing carbamazepine with placebo as the sole treatment for schizophrenia was abandoned early due to high relapse rate with 26 out of 31 participants relapsing by three months. No effect of carbamazepine was evident with no difference in relapse between the two groups (1 RCT n = 31, RR 1.07 CI 0.78 to 1.45). Another study compared carbamazepine with antipsychotics as the sole treatment for schizophrenia. No differences in terms of mental state were found when comparing 50% reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores (1 RCT n = 38, RR 1.23 CI 0.78 to 1.92). A favourable effect for carbamazepine was found when more people who received the antipsychotic (perphenazine) had parkinsonism (1 RCT n = 38, RR 0.03 CI 0.00 to 0.043). Eight studies compared adjunctive carbamazepine versus adjunctive placebo, we were able use GRADE for quality of evidence for these results. Adding carbamazepine to antipsychotic treatment was as acceptable as adding placebo with no difference between the numbers leaving the study early from each group (8 RCTs n = 182, RR 0.47 CI 0.16 to 1.35, very low quality evidence). Carbamazepine augmentation was superior compared with antipsychotics alone in terms of overall global improvement, but participant numbers were low (2 RCTs n = 38, RR 0.57 CI 0.37 to 0.88). There were no differences for the mental state outcome of 50% reduction in BPRS scores (6 RCTs n = 147, RR 0.86 CI 0.67 to 1.12, low quality evidence). Less people in the carbamazepine augmentation group had movement disorders than those taking haloperidol alone (1 RCT n = 20, RR 0.38 CI 0.14 to 1.02). No data were available for the effects of carbamazepine on subgroups of people with schizophrenia and aggressive behaviour, negative symptoms or EEG abnormalities or with schizoaffective disorder.

Authors' conclusions: Based on currently available randomised trial-derived evidence, carbamazepine cannot be recommended for routine clinical use for treatment or augmentation of antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. At present large, simple well-designed and reported trials are justified - especially if focusing on people with violent episodes and people with schizoaffective disorders or those with both schizophrenia and EEG abnormalities.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Stefan Leucht: In the last 3 years Stefan Leucht has received consulting/advisory board honoraria from Roche, Eli Lilly, Medavante, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Alkermes, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, and Lundbeck, Lecture honoraria from Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, ICON, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Sanofi‐Aventis, Lundbeck, and Pfizer, and Eli Lilly has provided medication for a trial with Stefan Leucht as the primary investigator.

Markus Dold: nothing to declare.

John McGrath is a member of the following advisory boards: Eli Lilly Australia, Lundbeck Australia and Pfizer Australia. In addition, JM has been a co‐investigator on studies of neuroleptic medications produced by the following companies: Astra, Janssen‐Cilag, Eli Lilly, Zeneca (ICI), Sandoz and Pfizer. The same companies have provided travel and accommodation expenses for John McGrath to attend relevant investigator meetings and scientific symposia. No funds have been paid directly to Dr McGrath. Payments related to participation in drug trials and board attendances have been paid to a Government‐audited trust account to support schizophrenia research.

Werner Kissling has received honoraria and/or research support from Janssen‐Cilag, SanofiAventis, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, BMS, Astra Zeneca, Lundbeck, Novartis and Eli Lilly. Dr Kissling is an investigator on one of the excluded trials in this review (Möller 1989).

Bartosz Helfer: nothing to declare.

Figures

1
1
Carbamazepine
2
2
Study flow diagram.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 2 Relapse (by 3 months).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. Less than 20% BPRS reduction.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint score of the BPRS at 3 months.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 5 Adverse effects.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 2 Mental state: 1. Categories of reduction on BPRS scores.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 3 Mental state: 2. Mean BPRS at endpoint.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1. Movement disorders.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 2. Others.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 CARBAMAZEPINE AS SOLE TREATMENT vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS AS SOLE TREATMENT, Outcome 6 Subgroup analysis ‐ schizoaffective disorder excluded ‐ Mental state: Categories of reduction on BPRS score.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: No improvement.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1a. General ‐ categories of reduction on BPRS scores.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1b. General ‐ average BPRS endpoint score (high = poor).
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1d. General ‐ average IMPS endpoint score (high = poor).
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Mental state: 2a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (PANSS subscale at endpoint, high = poor).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 9 Mental state: 2c. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (SANS at endpoint, high = poor).
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 10 Mental state: 2d. Specific ‐ depression (Hamilton scale at endpoint, high = poor).
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 1a Movement disorders ‐ at least one movement disorder.
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 2. Others.
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 18 Subgroup analysis ‐ treatment‐resistant participants.
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 19 Subgroup analysis ‐ EEG abnormalities.
3.20
3.20. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 20 Subgroup analysis ‐ negative symptoms.
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3 ADJUNCTIVE CARBAMAZEPINE + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 21 Sensitivity analysis: random effects model ‐ less than 50% BPRS reduction.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Carpenter 1991 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter WT, Kurz R, Kirkpatrick B, Hanlon TE. Carbamazepine maintenance treatment in outpatient schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48(1):69‐72. - PubMed
Dose 1987 {published data only}
    1. Dose M. Die Bedeutung von Antikonvulsiva und Calciumantagonisten für die Pharmakotherapie von Psychosen. Habilitationsschrift. Technische Universität München, 1991.
    1. Dose M, Apelt S, Emrich HM. Carbamazepine as an adjunct of antipsychotic therapy. Psychiatry Research 1987;22(4):303‐10. - PubMed
    1. Dose M, Emrich HM. Carbamazepine as an adjunct to antipsychotic treatment. Schizophrenia Research 1988;1(2,3):207‐8.
    1. Dose M, Emrich HM. Combination of neuroleptics with carbamazepine. Application in the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses [Kombination von Neuroleptika mit Carbamazepin. Einsatz in der Behandlung schizophrener Psychosen]. Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift 1990;132 (suppl 1):87‐90.
    1. Dose M, Garcia D, Weber M, Yassouridis A, Emrich HM. Combined treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with neuroleptics and anticonvulsants. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989;22(5):195.
Heßlinger 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hesslinger B, Klose P, Normann C, Langosch JM, Berger M, Walden J. Carbamazepine co‐treatment in schizophrenia. Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie 1998;66(4):145‐50. - PubMed
    1. Hesslinger B, Normann C, Langosch JM, Klose P, Berger M, Walden J. Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on haloperidol plasma levels and on psychopathologic outcome in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999;19(4):310‐5. - PubMed
    1. Normann C, Klose P, Hesslinger B, Langosch JM, Berger M, Walden J. Haloperidol plasma levels and psychopathology in schizophrenic patients with antiepileptic co‐medication: a clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:204.
    1. Walden J, Hesslinger B, Normann C, Langosch J, Berger M. Actions of carbamazepine and valproate on haloperidol plasma levels and psychopathological outcome. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum, Glasgow, Scotland. 1998.
Llorca 1993 {published data only}
    1. Estorges JP, Llorca PM, Lancon C, Bougerol T, Scotto JC. Carbamazepine as adjuvant treatment to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients. Encephale 1991;17(4):307.
    1. Llorca PM, Wolf MA, Lancon C, Bougerol T. Clinical efficacy of bromocriptine, carbamazepine, and cyproheptadine as adjuvant to neuroleptics in 24 chronic resistant schizophrenics [Efficacite comparee de la bromocriptine, de la carbamazepine et de la cyproheptadine en association aux neuroleptiques chez 24 patients schizophrenes chroniques resistants]. Encephale 1993;19(5):565‐71. - PubMed
Mair 1990 {published data only}
    1. Mair M, Tschapeller I, Schubert H. Kombinationstherapie mit Neuroleptika und Carbamazepin. Eine kontrollierte Studie. In: Schonbeck G, Platz T editor(s). Schizophrenie erkennen, verstehen, behandeln.Beiträge aus Theorie und Praxis. Wien: Springer Verlag, 1990:77‐92.
Martin‐Munoz 1989 {published data only}
    1. Martin‐Munoz JC, Morinigo‐Dominguez AV, Mateo‐Martin I, Guajardo FI. Carbamazepine: An effective adjunct treatment for schizophrenia [La carbamacepina: un tratamiento adjunto eficaz en las esquizofrenias]. Actas Luso Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines 1992;20(1):11‐6. - PubMed
    1. Martin‐Munoz JC, Morinigo‐Dominguez AV, Mateo‐Martin I, Ibarra IG. Carbamazepine: An efficacious adjuvant treatment in schizophrenia [La carbamacepina: Un tratamiento adjunto eficaz en las esquizofrenias]. Actas Luso Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines 1989;17(4):245‐50. - PubMed
Nachshoni 1994 {published data only}
    1. Nachshoni T, Levin Y, Levy A, Kritz A. A double‐blind trial of carbamazepine in negative symptom schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1994;35(1):22‐6. - PubMed
Neppe 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Neppe VM. Carbamazepine as adjunctive treatment in nonepileptic chronic inpatients with EEG temporal lobe abnormalities. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1983;44(9):326‐31. - PubMed
    1. Neppe VM. Carbamazepine in the psychiatric patient. Lancet 1982;2(8293):334. - PubMed
    1. Neppe VM. Non‐responsive psychosis ‐ a biochemical difference?. South African Medical Journal 1983;63(21):797‐8. - PubMed
Simhandl 1996 {published data only}
    1. Meszaros K, Simhandl C, Denk E, Liechtenstein A, Topitz A, Thau K. A carbamazepine augmentation trial in chronic nonresponsive schizophrenia. NA 1996; Vol. NA:NA.
    1. Simhandl C, Meszaros K, Denk E, Thau K, Topitz A. Adjunctive carbamazepine or lithium carbonate in therapyresistant chronic schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 1996;41(5):317. - PubMed
Svestka 1989 {published data only}
    1. Svestka J, Ceskova E, Rysanek R, Nahunek K. Controlled cross‐over comparison of carbamazepine with perphenazine in schizophrenic psychoses. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1989;31(4):276‐7. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Arana 1986 {published data only}
    1. Arana GW. Does carbamazepine‐induced reduction of plasma haloperidol levels worsen psychotic symptoms? 138th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (1985, Dallas, Texas). American Journal of Psychiatry 1986;143(5):650‐1. - PubMed
Azorin 1986 {published data only}
    1. Azorin JM, Samuelian JC, Pringuey D, Donnet A. Place of carbamazepine in the treatment of endogenous psychoses: Results of an open trial [Place de la carbamazepine dans le traitement des psychoses endogenes: Resultats d'une etude ouverte]. Encephale 1986;12(3):115‐9. - PubMed
Ballenger 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in alcohol and withdrawal syndromes and schizophrenic psychoses. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1984;20:572‐84. - PubMed
Barnes 1996 {published data only}
    1. Barnes TR, McEvedy CJ. Pharmacological treatment strategies in the non‐responsive schizophrenic patient. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1996;11(s2):67‐71. - PubMed
Bellaire 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bellaire W, Demisch K, Stoll K‐D. Carbamazepine vs. lithium. Application in the prophylaxis of recidivating affective and schizoaffective psychoses [Carbamazepin vs. Lithium. Einsatz in der Prophylaxe rezidivierender affektiver und schizoaffektiver Psychosen]. Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift 1990;132:82‐6.
Birkheimer 1985 {published data only}
    1. Birkhimer LJ, Curtis JL, Jann MW. Use of carbamazepine in psychiatric disorders. Clinical Pharmacology 1985;4(4):425‐34. - PubMed
Borison 1991 {published data only}
    1. Borison RL, Diamond BI, Dren AT. Does sigma receptor antagonism predict clinical antipsychotic efficacy?. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1991;27(2):103‐6. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 1681560] - PubMed
Botte 1988 {published data only}
    1. Botte L, Charles G. Clinical use of carbamazepine: Review from the literature and personal results [Utilisations cliniques de la carbamazepine: Revue de la litterature et resultats personnels]. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 1988;88(3):181‐94. - PubMed
Cabrera 1987 {published data only}
    1. Cabrera J, Albrecht J, Muller‐Oerlinghausen B. Combined preventive treatment of recurrent manic‐depressive disease with lithium and carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. Nervenarzt 1987;58(4):245‐9. - PubMed
Cegalis 1984 {published data only}
    1. Cegalis JA, Possick SG. Carbamazepine and psychotherapy in the treatment of schizoaffective psychosis. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1985;58(4):327‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Chouinard 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chouinard G, Sultan S. Treatment of supersensitivity psychosis with antiepileptic drugs: Report of a series of 43 cases. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1990;26(3):337. - PubMed
Costa 1986 {published data only}
    1. Costa JF, Sramek J, Herrera JM. Hepatic reaction to carbamazepine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;6(4):251‐2. - PubMed
Covell 2004 {published data only}
    1. Covell NH, Weissman EM, Essock SM. Weight gain with clozapine compared to first generation antipsychotic medications. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004;30(2):229‐40. [MEDLINE: ; EMBASE 2004274059] - PubMed
Dalby 1971 {published data only}
    1. Dalby MA. Antiepileptic and psychotropic effect of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Epilepsia 1971;12(12):335‐40. - PubMed
Dehing 1968 {published data only}
    1. Dehing J. Studies on the psychotropic action of tegretol. Acta Neurologica Belgica 1968;68:895‐905. - PubMed
Denicoff 1994 {published data only}
    1. Denicoff KD, Meglathery SB, Post RM, Tandeciarz SI. Efficacy of carbamazepine compared with other agents: A clinical practice survey. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55(2):70. - PubMed
de Vogelaer 1981 {published data only}
    1. Vogelaer J. Carbamazepine in the treatment of psychotic and behavioral disorders. A pilot study. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 1981;81:532‐41. - PubMed
Elphick 1985 {published data only}
    1. Elphick M. An open clinical trial of carbamazepine in treatment‐resistant bipolar and schizo‐affective psychotics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985;147:198‐200. - PubMed
Frankenburg 1988 {published data only}
    1. Frankenburg FR, Tohen M, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF. Long‐term response to carbamazepine: A retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988;8(2):130‐2. - PubMed
Gadow 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gadow KD. Pediatric psychopharmacotherapy: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1992;33(1):153‐95. - PubMed
Galletly 1997 {published data only}
    1. Galletly CA, Tsourtos G. Antipsychotic drug doses and adjunctive drugs in the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 1997;9(2):77‐80. - PubMed
Ginestet 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ginestet D, Ghanem T, Slama M. The variety of indications for carbamazepine. Revue du Praticien Medecine Generale 1996;10(336):11.
Goncalves 1985 {published data only}
    1. Goncalves N, Stoll KD. A controlled double‐blind trial of carbamazepine in manic illness [Carbamazepin bei manischen Syndromen. Eine kontrollierte Doppelblind‐Studie]. Nervenarzt 1985;56(1):43‐7. - PubMed
Greil 1997 {published data only}
    1. Greil W, Ludwig‐Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, Engel RR. Lithium vs cambamazepine in the maintenance treatment of schizoaffective disorder: A randomised study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1997;247(1):42‐50. - PubMed
Hakola 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hakola HA, Laulumaa VA. Carbamazepine in treatment of violent schizophrenics. Lancet 1982;1(8285):1358. - PubMed
Hermle 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hermle L, Spitzer M. Succesful desensitization of a patient with schizoaffective psychosis and carbamazepin allergy. Nervenarzt 1993;64(3):208. - PubMed
Herrera 1987 {published data only}
    1. Heh CW, Sramek J, Herrera J, Costa J. Exacerbation of psychosis after discontinuation of carbamazepine treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145(7):878‐9. - PubMed
    1. Herrera JM, Sramek JJ, Costa JF. Efficacy of adjunctive carbamazepine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 1987;21(4):355‐8. - PubMed
Ivkovi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ivkovi M, Damjanovi A, Marinkovi D, Paunovi RV. Carbamazepine for acute psychosis with EEG abnormalities. Military‐Medical and Pharmaceutical Review 2004;61(4):399‐403. - PubMed
Iwahashi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Iwahashi K, Miyatake R, Suwaki H, Hosokawa K. The drug‐drug interaction effects of haloperidol on plasma carbamazepine levels. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1995;18(3):233‐6. - PubMed
Iwahashi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Iwahashi K. Significantly higher plasma haloperidol level during cotreatment with carbamazepine may herald cardiac change [see comments]. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1996;19(3):267‐70. - PubMed
Jann 1985 {published data only}
    1. Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Seidel DR, Davis CM, Burch NR, et al. Effects of carbamazepine on plasma haloperidol levels. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1985;5(2):106‐9. - PubMed
Johns 1995 {published data only}
    1. Johns CA, Thompson JW. Adjunctive treatments in schizophrenia: Pharmacotherapies and electroconvulsive therapy. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1995;21(4):607‐19. - PubMed
Kahn 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kahn EM, Schulz SC, Perel JM, Alexander JE. Change in haloperidol level due to carbamazepine: A complicating factor in combined medication for schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1990;10(1):54‐7. - PubMed
Karper 1992 {published data only}
    1. Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH. Valproate management of psychosis in a patient with carbamazepine‐induced hyponatremia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1992;12(2):137‐9. - PubMed
Keck 1996 {published data only}
    1. Keck PE, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. New developments in the pharmacologic treatment of schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(s9):41‐8. - PubMed
Kessler 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kessler AJ, Barklage NE, Jefferson JW. Mood disorders in the psychoneurologic borderland: Three cases of responsiveness to carbamazepine. 29th Annual Meeting of the International Psychiatric Research Society (1987, Madison, Wisconsin). American Journal of Psychiatry 1989;146(1):81‐3. - PubMed
Kidron 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kidron R, Averbuch I, Klein E, Belmaker RH. Carbamazepine‐induced reduction of blood levels of haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1985;20(2):219‐22. - PubMed
Klein 1984 {published data only}
    1. Klein E, Bental E, Lerer B, Belmaker RH. Carbamazepine and haloperidol v placebo and haloperidol in excited psychoses. A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984;41(2):165‐70. - PubMed
Kraft 1984 {published data only}
    1. Kraft AM, Hassenfeld IN, Zarr M. Response to functional hallucinations to carbamazepine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984;141(8):1018. - PubMed
Lambert 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lambert PA, Venaud G. Use of valpromide in psychiatric therapeutics. Encephale 1987;13(6):367‐73. [CN‐00477270] - PubMed
Lapensee 1992 {published data only}
    1. Lapensee MA. A review of schizoaffective disorder: II. Somatic treatment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 1992;37(5):347. - PubMed
Lenzi 1986 {published data only}
    1. Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, Grossi E, Massimetti G, Placidi GF. Use of carbamazepine in acute psychosis: A controlled study. Journal of International Medical Research 1986;14(2):78‐84. - PubMed
Llorca 1992 {published data only}
    1. Llorca PM, Wolf MA, Lancon C, Bougerol T. Adjuvant drugs for use in patients under neuroleptics. Annales de Psychiatrie 1992;7(4):195.
Luchins 1983 {published data only}
    1. Luchins DJ. Carbamazepine for the violent psychiatric patient. Lancet 1983;1(8327):766. - PubMed
    1. Luchins DJ. Carbamazepine in violent nonepileptic schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1984;20(3):569‐571. - PubMed
Luchins 1984 {published data only}
    1. Luchins DJ. Fatal agranulocytosis in a chronic schizophrenic patient treated with carbamazepine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984;141(5):687‐8. - PubMed
Makaric 2000 {published data only}
    1. Makaric G, Folnegovic‐Smalc V, Folnegovic Z, Imica N. Agitation in acute episode of schizophrenia: carbamazepine treatment in combination with haloperidol versus combined neuroleptics. Schizophrenia Research 2000;41(1):210. [MEDLINE: ]
McAllister 1985 {published data only}
    1. McAllister TW. Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1985;46(9):393‐4. - PubMed
McKee 1989 {published data only}
    1. McKee RW, Larkin JG, Brodie MJ. Acute psychosis with carbamazepine and sodium valproate. Lancet 1989;1(8630):167. - PubMed
Meltzer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Meltzer HY. Novel approaches to the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Drug Development Research 1986;9(1):23‐40.
    1. Meltzer HY. Treatment of the neuroleptic‐nonresponsive schizophrenic patient. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1992;18(3):515‐42. - PubMed
Meshel 1967 {published data only}
    1. Meshel E, Denber HC. Double‐blind study of tybamate in psychotic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1967;28(5):311‐3. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 5338174] - PubMed
Meshel 1968 {published data only}
    1. Meshel E, Denber HC. The use of tybamate in psychotic patients. (A further double blind study). Diseases of the Nervous System 1968;29(4):243‐5. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 4870945] - PubMed
Miceli 2000 {published data only}
    1. Miceli JJ, Anziano RJ, Robarge L, Hansen RA, Laurent A. The effect of carbamazepine on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000;49 (suppl I):65S‐70S. - PMC - PubMed
Miller 1965 {published data only}
    1. Miller MJ, Shettel R, Fiedler HT. Chronic toxicologic evaluation of hydroxyphenamate and possible synergism with phenothiazines. Psychosomatics 1965;6(5):340‐2. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 5319246] - PubMed
Miodownik 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miodownik C, Cohen H, Kotler M, Lerner V. Vitamin B6 add‐on therapy in treatment of schizophrenic patients with psychotic symptoms and movement disorders. Harefuah 2003;142(8‐9):592‐6, 647. [MEDLINE: ; EMBASE 2003374828; CN‐00440574.] - PubMed
Mokrusch 1987 {published data only}
    1. Mokrusch T, Negele J, Kaschka WP. New aspects in the prophylaxis of affective and schizoaffective psychoses. Fortschritte der Medizin 1987;105(1):30‐4. - PubMed
Möller 1989 {published data only}
    1. Moller HJ, Kissling W, Riehl T, Bauml J. Double‐blind evaluation of the antimanic properties of carbamazepine as a comedication to haloperidol. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1989;13(1‐2):127‐36. - PubMed
Möller 1996 {published data only}
    1. Möller H. Treatment of schizophrenia. State of the art. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1996;246(5):229. - PubMed
Morinigo 1992 {published data only}
    1. Morinigo A, Mateo I, Martin J, Noval D, Gonzalez S. Efectos terapeuticos del valproato sodico y la carbamacepina en la mania. Psiquis 1992;13(8):335‐8.
Mosca 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mosca LD//Licciardo JP//Coppola JL. A double‐blind carbamazepine‐controlled efficacy and safety study of valproate in impulsivity and violence. 11th Congress of The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; Oct 31 ‐ Nov 4, Paris, France. 1998. [MEDLINE: ]
Munetz 1989 {published data only}
    1. Munetz MR, Schulz SC, Bellin M, Harty I. Rimcazole (BW234U) in the maintenance treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia. Drug Development Research 1989;16(1):79‐83. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 6342171] - PubMed
Nasser 1990 {published data only}
    1. Nasser D, Thomas B. Anticonvulsant treatment of psychoses. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1990;24(2):164. - PubMed
Nelson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Nelson JC. Combined treatment strategies in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1993;54(s9):42. - PubMed
Neppe 1988a {published data only}
    1. Neppe VM. Carbamazepine in nonresponsive psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1988;49(s):22‐8. - PubMed
Neppe 1988b {published data only}
    1. Neppe VM, Tucker GJ, Wilensky AJ. Fundamentals of carbamazepine use in neuropsychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1988;49(s):4‐6. - PubMed
Neppe 1988c {published data only}
    1. Neppe VM. Carbamazepine for withdrawal pseudohallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145(12):1605. - PubMed
Neppe 1991 {published data only}
    1. Neppe VM, Bowman BR, Sawchuk KS. Carbamazepine for atypical psychosis with episodic hostility. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1991;179(7):439‐41. - PubMed
Nijdam 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nijdam JR, Doorschot CH, Bavel LP, Loonen AJ. A comparison of carbamazepine Divitabs and a normal carbamazepine preparation in psychiatric and oligophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1992;25(3):145‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ohlmeier 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ohlmeier MD, Jahn K, Wilhelm‐Gossling C, Godecke‐Koch T, Hoffmann J, Seifert J, et al. Perazine and carbamazepine in comparison to olanzapine in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2007;55(2):81‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Okuma 1989a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Okuma T, Yamashita I, Takahashi R, Itoh H. A double‐blind study of adjunctive carbamazepine versus placebo on excited states of schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989;80(3):250‐9. - PubMed
    1. Okuma T, Yamashita I, Takahashi R, Itoh H, Otsuki S, Watanabe S, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of carbamazepine and placebo in schizophrenia and atypical psychosis by double blind controlled study. Rinsho Hyoka 1988;16(2):327‐73.
Okuma 1989b {published data only}
    1. Okuma T, Yamashita I, Takahashi R, Itoh H. Clinical efficacy of carbamazepine in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989;22(2):47‐53. - PubMed
Ortega 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hernandez‐Avila CA, Ortega‐Soto HA, Jasso A, Hasfura‐Buenaga CA, Kranzler HR. Treatment of inhalant‐induced psychotic disorder with carbamazepine versus haloperidol. Psychiatric Services 1998;49:812‐5. - PubMed
    1. Ortega SHA, Jasso A, Cecena G, Hernandez ACA. Validity and reproductivity of a scale for measuring neuroleptic‐induced extrapyramidal symptoms [La validez y la reproducibilidad de dos escalas para evaluar los sintomas extrapiramidales inducidos por neurolepticos]. Salud Mental 1991;14(3):1‐5.
Otani 1997 {published data only}
    1. Otani K, Ishida M, Yasui N, Kondo T, Mihara K, Suzuki A, et al. Interaction between carbamazepine and bromperidol. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1997;52(3):219. - PubMed
Pantelis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pantelis C, Barnes TR. Drug strategies and treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1996;30(1):20‐37. - PubMed
Panu 1984 {published data only}
    1. Panu H, Hakola A, Laulumaa VA. Carbamazepine in violent schizophrenics. In: Emrich HM, Okuma T editor(s). Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984:204‐7.
Placidi 1986 {published data only}
    1. Placidi GF, Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, Cassano GB. The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus lithium: A randomized, double‐blind 3‐year trial in 83 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(10):490‐4. - PubMed
    1. Placidi GF, Lenzi A, Rampello E, Andreani MF, Cassano GB, Grossi E. Long term‐double blind prospective study on carbamazepine versus lithium in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. Preliminary results. In: Emrich HM, Okuma T editor(s). Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984:188‐97.
Raitasuo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Raitasuo V, Lehtovaara R, Huttunen MO. Effect of switching carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine on the plasma levels of neuroleptics: A case report. Psychopharmacology 1994;116(1):115‐6. - PubMed
Rankel 1988 {published data only}
    1. Rankel HW, Rankel LE. Carbamazepine in the treatment of catatonia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145(3):361‐2. - PubMed
Rittmannsberger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Rittmannsberger H. Carbamazepine in the treatment of psychiatric illness: Effects and side effects. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1990;140(15):398. - PubMed
Scher 1983 {published data only}
    1. Scher M, Neppe V. Carbamazepine adjunct for nonresponsive psychosis with prior hallucinogenic abuse. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1989;177(12):755. - PubMed
Schulz 1990 {published data only}
    1. Schulz SC, Conley RR, Kahn EM, et al. Nonresponders to neuroleptics: a distinct subtype. Schizophrenia: scientific progress. New York: Oxford University Press, Date of publication and page numbers not indicated.
    1. Schulz SC, Kahn EM, Baker RW, et al. Lithium and carbamazepine augmentation in treatment‐refractory schizophrenia. The Neuroleptic‐Nonresponsive Patient: Characterization and Treatment. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990:111‐36.
Simhandl 1992 {published data only}
    1. Simhandl C, Meszaros K. The use of carbamazepine in the treatment of schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses: A review. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 1992;17(1):1‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Siris 1993 {published data only}
    1. Siris SG. Adjunctive medication in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and its conceptual implications. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;163(s22):22‐78. - PubMed
Sramek 1988 {published data only}
    1. Heh CW, Potkin SG, Pickar D, Costa J, Herrera J, Sramek J, et al. Serum homovanillic acid concentrations in carbamazepine‐treated chronic schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 1989;25(5):639‐41. - PubMed
    1. Herrera J, Sramek J, Costa C, Heh C, Wernberg C. An evaluation of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in chronic treatment‐refractory schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 95th Annual Conference of the American Psychiatric Association. 1987:588‐9.
    1. Sramek J, Herrera J, Costa J, Heh C, Tran Johnson T, Simpson G. A carbamazepine trial in chronic, treatment‐refractory schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145(6):748‐50. - PubMed
    1. Tran‐Johnson T, Sramek JJ, Walker NR, Heh CD, Costa JF, Herrera JM. Effects of carbamazepine on serum calcium in schizophrenia. DICP 1989;23(12):1034. - PubMed
Sugerman 1970 {published data only}
    1. Sugerman AA, Hyams L. Electroencephalographic effects of adrenochrome semicarbazone in schizophrenia: quantitative amplitude analysis. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1970;1(1):86‐98. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 4944698] - PubMed
Svestka 1985 {published data only}
    1. Svestka J, Nahunek K, Ceskova E, Korbicka J. Carbamazepine prophylaxis of affective psychoses: Intraindividual comparison with lithium carbonate. 27th Annual Psychopharmacology Meeting (1985, Jesenik, Czechoslovakia). Activitas Nervosa Superior 1985;27(4):261‐2.
Svestka 1988 {published data only}
    1. Svestka J, Nahunek K, Ceskova E. Carbamazepine in the treatment and prophylaxis of affective psychoses [Pouziti carbamazepinu v lecbe a profylaxi afektivnich psychoz]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1988;84(3):145‐55. - PubMed
Tohen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Tohen M, Castillo J, Pope HG, Herbstein J. Concomitant use of valproate and carbamazepine in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1994;14(1):67. - PubMed
Walden 1996 {published data only}
    1. Walden J, Von WJ, Berger M, Grunze H. Efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric diseases. EEG Labor 1996;18(1):32.
Wetterling 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wetterling T. Open clinical trial of carbamazepine in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1987;20(3):127‐30. - PubMed
Wunderlich 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wunderlich HP, Grunes JU, Neumann J, Zahlten W. Carbamazepine (Finlepsin(TM)) for manicdepressive and schizophrenic diseases. Deutsche Gesundheitswesen 1983;38(35):1352‐6.
Yassa 1983 {published data only}
    1. Yassa R, Dupont D. Carbamazepine in the treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic patients: A case report. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1983;28(7):566‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Kamisada 1988 {published data only}
    1. Kamisada M, Tateyama M, Nakano Y, Kawachi Y, Fujii Y, Tanoue A, et al. Comparison of the clinical effects of lithium carbonate and carbamazepine on excited schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology 1988;96(Suppl):348. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 4944698] - PubMed
Lee 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lee MS, Choi BH, Kim SH. Combined use of carbamazepine and valproic acid in negative symptom schizophrenia. 9th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; September 21‐25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996. [MEDLINE: ]

Additional references

Altman 1996
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313:1200. - PMC - PubMed
Andreasen 1982
    1. Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982;39:784‐8. - PubMed
Andreasen 1984
    1. Andreasen NC. The scale for assessment of positive symptoms. University of Iowa 1984.
Begg 1996
    1. Beg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, et al. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials: the CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276:637‐9. - PubMed
Bland 1997
    1. Bland JM, Kerry SM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:600. - PMC - PubMed
Boissel 1999
    1. Boissel JP, Cucherat M, Li W, Chatellier G, Gueyffier F, Buyse M, et al. The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 3. Comparison of the indices and their use. Therapie 1999;54(4):405‐11. - PubMed
Carpenter 1994
    1. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW. Schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330:681‐90. - PubMed
Cheine 2001
    1. Cheine M, Ahonen J, Wahlbeck K. Beta‐blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000234] - DOI - PubMed
Christison 1991
    1. Christison GW, Kirch DG, Wyatt RJ. When symptoms persist: choosing among alternative somatic treatments for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991;17:217‐45. - PubMed
Dardennes 1995
    1. Dardennes R, Even C, Bange F, Heim A. Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995;166:378‐81. - PubMed
Davey Smith 1998
    1. Davey Smith G, Egger M. Meta‐analysis: Unresolved issues and future developments. BMJ 1998;16:221‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Deeks 2000
    1. Deeks J. Issues in the selection for meta‐analyses of binary data. Abstracts of 8th International Cochrane Colloquium; 2000 Oct 25‐28th; Cape Town, South Africa. 2000.
Divine 1992
    1. Divine GW, Brown JT, Frazer LM. The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7:623‐9. - PubMed
Dold 2012
    1. Dold M, Li C, Tardy M, Khorsand V, Gillies D, Leucht S. Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006391.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Donner 2002
    1. Donner A, Klar N. Issues in the meta‐analysis of cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:2971‐80. - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Elbourne 2002
    1. Elbourne D, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtina F, Worthingtond HV, Vaile A. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140‐9. - PubMed
Essali 2009
    1. Essali A, Al‐Haj Haasan N, Li C, Rathbone J. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000059.pub2; PUBMED: 19160174] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
GRADE Profiler [Computer program]
    1. GRADE Working Group. GRADE Profiler. Version 3.2. GRADE Working Group, 2004.
Granger 1995
    1. Granger P, Biton B, Faure C, Vige X, Depoortere H, Graham D, et al. Modulation of the gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor by the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. Molecular Pharmacology 1995;47:1189–96. - PubMed
Gulliford 1999
    1. Gulliford MC, Ukoumunne OC, Chinn S. Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community‐based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:876‐83. - PubMed
Guy 1976
    1. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology‐revised. Washington, D.C: DHEW. National Institute of Mental Health 1976.
Hamilton 1960
    1. Hamilton M. A rating scale of depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1960;23:56‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org..
Hutton 2009
    1. Hutton JL. Number needed to treat and number needed to harm are not the best way to report and assess the results of randomised clinical trials. British Journal of Haematology 2009;146(1):27‐30. - PubMed
Jadad 1996
    1. Jadad A, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavanagh DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17:1‐12. - PubMed
Kane 1988
    1. Kane JM, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H, and the Clozaril Collaborative study group. Clozapine for the treatment‐resistant schizophrenic. A double‐blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988;45:789‐96. - PubMed
Kay 1986
    1. Kay SR, Opler LA, Fiszbein A. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) manual. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi‐Health Systems, 1986.
Kay 1987
    1. Kay SR, Fiszbein A. The positive and negative symptome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1987;13(2):261‐75. - PubMed
Leucht 2005
    1. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel R. Clinical implications of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;187:366‐71. [PUBMED: 16199797] - PubMed
Leucht 2005a
    1. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean?. Schizophrenia Research 2005;79(2‐3):231‐8. [PUBMED: 15982856] - PubMed
Leucht 2007
    1. Leucht S, Engel RR, Bauml J, Davis JM. Is the superior efficacy of new generation antipsychotics an artifact of LOCF?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007;33(1):183‐91. [PUBMED: 16905632] - PMC - PubMed
Leucht 2007a
    1. Leucht S, Kissling W, McGrath J. Lithium for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003834.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Lorr 1962
    1. Lorr M, McNair DM, Klett CJ, Lasky JJ. Evidence of ten psychotic symptoms. Journal of Consulting Psychology 1962;26:185. - PubMed
Marshall 2000
    1. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams CE, Joy C, Fenton M. Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;176:249‐52. - PubMed
Marvaha 2004
    1. Marwaha S, Johnson S. Schizophrenia and employment ? A review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004;39:337‐49. - PubMed
Moher 2001
    1. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman D, CONSORT Group (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel‐group randomized trials. JAMA 2001;258:1987‐91. - PubMed
Overall 1962
    1. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:790‐812.
Pate 1986
    1. Pate LA. Carbamazepine in treatment of the violent psychotic patients. Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry 1986;4(1):28‐36.
Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.0. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008.
Schooler 1993
    1. Schooler NR, Keith SJ. Clinical research for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1993;29:431‐46. - PubMed
Schulz 1995
    1. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273:408‐12. - PubMed
Schünemann 2008
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008:359‐83.
Tharyan 2002
    1. Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000076.pub2; CD000076] - DOI - PubMed
Tiihonen 1995
    1. Tiihonen J, Vartiainen H, Hakola P. Carbamazepine‐induced changes in plasma levels of neuroleptics. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28:26‐8. - PubMed
Tsuang 1978
    1. Tsuang MT. Suicide in schizophrenics, manics, depressives, and surgical controls: a comparison with general population suicide mortality. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35:153‐5. - PubMed
Ukoumunne 1999
    1. Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods for evaluating area‐wide and organisation‐based interventions in health and health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 1999;3(5):iii‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Xia 2009
    1. Xia J, Adams CE, Bhagat N, Bhagat V, Bhoopathi P, El‐Sayeh H, et al. Loss to outcomes stakeholder survey: the LOSS study. Psychiatric Bulletin 2009;33(7):254‐7.

References to other published versions of this review

Leucht 2002
    1. Leucht S, McGrath J, White P, Kissling W. Carbamazepine augmentation for schizophrenia: how good is the evidence?. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002;63(3):218‐24. - PubMed
Leucht 2002b
    1. Leucht S, McGrath J, White P, Kissling W. Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001258] - DOI - PubMed
Leucht 2007b
    1. Leucht S, Kissling W, McGrath J, White P. Carbamazepine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001258.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources